国内外海洋牧场发展历程与定义分类概述

海洋牧场是国内外长期广泛应用的海洋渔业发展举措。本文对国内外海洋牧场发展情况以及已有定义、分类情况进行了总结和分析。国外普遍将渔业资源增殖等同海洋牧场,从20世纪40年代以来人工鱼礁已从较单纯的聚鱼功能,拓展为海洋牧场生境保护和修复功能,目标是渔业资源增殖和利用。东北亚国家如日本、韩国建设人工鱼礁的目标是大规模增殖、聚集和捕获渔业资源;欧美诸多国家建设人工鱼礁主要是为了增殖保护渔业资源和开发休闲渔业。国外以渔业资源增殖为主旨的海洋牧场建设成败皆有,成功的方面仍值得中国借鉴。国外对海洋牧场定义和分类的数量较少,定义的提出和使用相对严谨。多年来,中国高度重视海洋牧场建设,将其作为水生生物资源养护、渔民转产转业和海洋生态文明建设的重要手段加以扶持。海洋牧场在建设规模、产出效果、技术水平、发展机制等方面取得了巨大进步。但由于起步较晚,产业和科技总体上仍处于初级阶段,存在一系列问题亟待解决。在20世纪60年代至70年代,国内学者提出海洋牧场和海洋农牧化概念,并将二者进行了区分,其后诸多学者也将渔业资源增殖等同海洋牧场。近年来国内海洋牧场发展迅速,但海洋牧场定义不够规范,数量繁多、含义空泛、严谨性不足。最后,本文就海洋牧场发展趋势、发展理念、目标定位、建设内容、研究支撑等方面进行了总结和展望,认为实事求是并理性把握好现阶段海洋牧场的发展理念、定位、内容和目标,加强对农业农村部现有海洋牧场水产行业标准的宣传尤其是定义和分类的宣传,引导海洋牧场研究和建设工作有序开展,对于切实有效支撑海洋牧场健康发展十分重要。     

中国海洋牧场研究现状与发展

本文对中国海洋牧场自建设以来的研究工作进行了综述,分析了国内外海洋牧场建立的背景与必要性,介绍了我国海洋牧场的研究内容和基本状况。阐述了国外海洋牧场研究内容与研究经验,特别是日本在海洋牧场研究方面的经验总结,国外研究者提出海洋牧场建立的终极目标是恢复自然生态系统。我国海洋牧场当前的研究侧重于牧场本身的建立与增殖种群数量恢复方面,对于牧场生态系统的研究虽有所涉猎,但多停留在研究初级阶段,研究精度与深度不够。提出我国海洋牧场今后研究重心应集中于牧场生态系统实时食物网结构与能量传递方面,在此基础上提高海洋牧场生产力,并建立海洋牧场与周边水域的自然营养通道以逐步改善与恢复海洋生态系统。     

珠江口海洋牧场渔业资源关键功能群的遴选方法

功能群是研究海洋牧场生态系统结构和能量流动的基础.实验以2016年和2017年对珠江口万山海域渔业资源调查数据为基础,结合珠江口海域渔业资源历史资料,通过渔业资源优势度、生物量和渔获率指标排序分析,首次提出海洋牧场渔业资源关键功能群概念及其顶级经济物种遴选原则,以食物链营养级为基础构造海洋牧场渔业资源关键功能群.结果 ...     

基于灰色–马尔科夫模型评估石雀滩海洋牧场岩礁鱼类碳储量

本研究以石雀滩海洋牧场许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、褐菖鲉(Sebasticus marmoratus)、铠平鲉(Sebastes hubbsi)、厚头平鲉(Sebastes pachycephalus)等岩礁鱼类为研究对象,基于2017—2020年地笼网采捕的渔获量数据,采用元素分析法和灰色−马尔科夫模型,统计并预测了岩礁鱼类现存生物量的碳储量(以下简称岩礁鱼类碳储量)。结果显示,岩礁鱼类干样碳含量分布范围为42.95%~50.19%,平均值为(46.11±2.34)%;鲜样碳含量分布范围为11.05%~13.25%,平均值为12.30%。2017年春季、2018年冬季、2019年春季和2020年冬季鱼礁区岩礁鱼类碳储量分别为293.46、104.49、119.40和48.48 t,呈波动式下降趋势;对照区分别为21.64、59.07、6.73和0 t,呈先上升后下降的趋势。灰色−马尔科夫模型验证数据平均相对误差为8%,较GM(1,1)模型预测精度提升了12%。经预测,鱼礁区岩礁鱼类碳储量呈下降趋势,2021年春季、2022年冬季、2023年春季和2024年冬季分别为64.84 、49.84、25.28和19.43 t。研究结果可为评估岩礁鱼类碳汇潜力提供依据,为建立渔业碳汇基础上的海洋牧场岩礁鱼类资源开发策略提供科学参考。     

Land Use Diversification and Intensification on Elk Winter Range in Greater Yellowstone: Framework and Agenda for Social-Ecological Research

Amenity migration describes the movement of peoples to rural landscapes and the transition toward tourism and recreation and away from production-oriented land uses (ranching, timber harvesting). The resulting mosaic of land uses and community structures has important consequences for wildlife and their management. This research note examines amenity-driven changes to social-ecological systems in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, specifically in lower elevations that serve as winter habitat for elk. We present a research agenda informed by a preliminary and exploratory mixed-methods investigation: the creation of a “social-impact” index of land use change on elk winter range and a focus group with wildlife management experts. Our findings suggest that elk are encountering an increasingly diverse landscape with respect to land use, while new ownership patterns increase the complexity of social and community dynamics. These factors, in turn, contribute to increasing difficulty meeting wildlife management objectives. To deal with rising complexity across social and ecological landscapes of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, future research will focus on property life cycle dynamics, as well as systems approaches.     

Grazing Systems Do Not Affect Bird Habitat on a Sandhills Landscape

Grassland birds are declining faster than any other guild of birds in North America, in part because of degradation of their breeding habitat. Rangeland managers recommend increasing heterogeneity to improve biodiversity; however, on privately owned rangelands, beef production likely decreases heterogeneity on the landscape. One suggestion has been to use multiple grazing systems across a landscape to increase heterogeneity and provide benefits for avian biodiversity, but there is little research to support this recommendation. Thus, our goal was to examine heterogeneity and songbird abundance in relation to grazing systems used by private producers in a large, intact rangeland region. We measured vegetation structure and conducted avian surveys in the Nebraska Sandhills on 11 management units with five different grazing systems, including season-long continuous, deferred rotation, management intensive, dormant season only, and a fixed rotation. On each management unit we assessed the relationship between vegetation structure or songbird abundance and potential management effects, such as grazing system, stocking rate, and management intensity. Season of use and stocking rate were the most common sources of variation in vegetation structure and songbird abundance. Grazing system did not explain variation in vegetation structure or bird abundance, except for heterogeneity in live grass cover, litter cover, shrub cover, and abundance of field sparrows. Vegetation structure varied across the landscape we sampled, but the range of heterogeneity was narrow. Thus, managers should not assume that using a variety of grazing systems across a landscape will inevitably result in heterogeneity of vegetation structure. Rather, managers should focus on creating contrasting vegetation structure in large areas to increase large-scale heterogeneity. This may be achieved through the application of more extreme management practices (e.g., long-term heavy grazing and long-term rest or patch-burn grazing) so that a wider variety of vegetation composition and structure is available to support biodiversity.     

声诱捕捞技术的研究现状和应用前景

介绍了声诱捕捞技术的概念及国内外声诱捕捞技术的研究现状;针对目前渔业资源所面临的问题,分析和探讨了声诱捕捞技术在保护渔业资源和渔业环境方面所起的作用;阐述了声诱捕捞技术的应用前景,并提出了结合声诱捕捞技术在中国建设淡水牧场的新构想.     

Water buffalo and cattle ranching in the Lower Amazon Basin: Comparisons and conflicts

From 1975 to 2000, the water buffalo population in the Brazilian Amazon increased at nearly 13% per year, making it one of the fastest growing herds in the world. On the floodplains of the Amazon River buffalo are managed in a similar manner to cattle, but often earn superior production figures. This production advantage, however, is tempered by the role buffalo play in conflicts between landowners; buffalo are prone to altering the floodplain environment and interfering with production activities such as fishing and farming. In this research, we show that buffalo are kept on the floodplains 24% longer than cattle throughout the year, and 37% longer than cattle during periods when landowner conflicts are most likely to occur. We also show that buffalo productivity is greater than cattle in this system, which gives an opportunity to design management regimes for buffalo that may increase production costs, but that will lower the environmental and social problems that involve buffalo. Specifically, when the waters begin to rise, buffalo should be removed from the floodplains at the same time as cattle. Although this will not lessen the damage done while the buffalo is on the floodplain, it will place buffalo on the floodplain during the dry season when the erosion potential is at its lowest, and reduce the time that buffalo may interfere with other production activities such as fishing. The additional production costs incurred by early removal will not dissipate the production advantage over cattle. Without specific management that addresses the socio-economic and environmental problems caused by buffalo, the continued high growth rate for the buffalo population on the Amazon floodplains may not be sustainable and conflicts will become commonplace.     

大亚湾海洋牧场低碳渔业生产效果评价

以基于人工鱼礁为构建主体的大亚湾海洋牧场为研究实例,以2007年4月和2009年5月调查数据为基础,研究了海洋牧场在资源养护和提高海域碳汇能力等方面的作用。结果表明,人工鱼礁型海洋牧场建设提高了海域浮游生物和底栖生物的栖息密度以及渔业资源的数量和质量,底栖生物和游泳生物的生物多样性指数增加,渔业资源优势种中的优质经济鱼类的数量增加。根据海域叶绿素浓度的提高进行计算,海洋牧场建设使海域碳汇增加了937.40kgC,相当于3.44tCO2。如果同时考虑通过渔业生物收获从海域中移出碳而增加的海域碳汇能力,则其起到的海域碳增汇能力将更高。本研究的结果表明,海洋牧场是一种环境友好型、可持续发展的低碳渔业生产模式,有利于水生生物资源养护和增殖,也是生物碳汇扩增的科学途径。     

Detection of Japanese flounder-specific DNA from gut contents of potential predators in the field

ABSTRACT:   Predation by invertebrates may be one of the major factors influencing the mortality of released flounder juveniles in the field. We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique for the detection of Japanese flounder material from the gut contents of potential predators in the field. The PCR primers used here are flounder specific and encompass a 153 bp region from the right domain of the mitochondrial control region. With these oligonucleotide primers, PCR reactions yielded specific amplification products from the gut contents of some putative predators, including Matuta lunaris , Portunus gladiator , Sepioteuthis lessoniana , Suggrundus meerdervoorti , Platycephalus sp. and Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus . Many animals with gut contents of unidentified fish material showed indication of predation on the flounder after release of hatchery reared flounder juveniles. The technique developed in the present study is useful not only for the survey of predation on the flounder by known species, but also for the search for novel potential predatory species in the field.