三株田间分离大豆根瘤菌16S rDNA基因鉴定及序列比较

文章采用16S rDNA技术,对分离自黑龙江省的3株大豆根瘤菌进行了序列测定及分析,通过与模式菌株的比较确定其在系统发育中的地位。结果表明,3个菌株与慢生根瘤菌亲源最近,利用分析根瘤菌16S rDNA的方法来鉴定根瘤菌的准确性较高,可行性较好。     

Molecular phylogenetical studies of the thermophilic spore-forming desulfotomaculum isolated from oil-field

A novel thermophilic and heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria, strain CW-03, was isolated from crude oil well whose depth was 3.2 kilometer. The bacterium was strictly anaerobic; it does not endure acid and its maximum surviving temperature was 70℃. Many short chain organic compounds can be utilized as electron donors, which were acetate, formate, lactate, propionate, pyruvate, butyrate, succinate, malate, fumarate, valerate, caproate, heptanoate, octanoate, decanoate, tridecanoate, pentadecanoate, palmitate, heptadecanoate or ethanol, while sulfate and sulfite were used as electron acceptors. The following substrates were not utilized： benzoate undecanoate, dodecanoate, tetradecane, propanol, butanol, H2＋CO2 （80/20%; v/v） and acetate （1mM） ＋ H2. When lactate was used as electron donors, sulfite and thiosulfate, but not sulfer and nitrate, can be used as electron acceptors. Strain CW-03 was motile, curved rod, Gram-positive, pole flagellum and spore-forming. On the basis of 16S rRNA sequence alignment （accession numbers： AY703032）, CW-03 should be included in the genus Desulfotomaculum with BLAST analysis on line. However, some of its physiology and multiple sequence alignments were different from other members of this genus. Therefore, CW-03 should be recognized as a new species, for which we propose the name Desulfotomaculum chinamiddle （Bacteria, Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridiales, Peptococcaceae）.     

中国北方地区甘草根瘤菌表型及遗传多样性研究

【目的】了解中国北方地区甘草根瘤菌的生物多样性。【方法】采用表型数值分类、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析和BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析的方法对北方地区的甘草根瘤菌进行表型、遗传多样性分析。【结果】供试菌株在数值分类聚类分析中约85％的相似水平上产生2个表观群，有11株菌未与已知参比菌株聚群。16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析表明，供试的20株菌共产生14种遗传型，表现出丰富的遗传多样性。BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析进一步证明与甘草共生的根瘤菌的基因组也具有多样性。【结论】在中国北方地区与甘草共生的根瘤菌在Sinorhizobium、Rhizobium和Mesorhizobium属中均有分布。     

拮抗酵母菌0732-1的鉴定及其ITS-5.8S rDNA序列分析

从石河子地区西瓜叶片上分离获得1株对哈密瓜细菌性果斑病菌-燕麦嗜酸菌属西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avena subsp.citrulli)有显著拮抗作用的酵母菌0732-1,对该菌株形态学观察、培养性状观察、生理生化测定,以及结合ITS-5.8S rDNA序列同源性分析。结果表明:酵母菌0732-1为异常毕赤酵母(Pichiaanomala Kurtzman),首次证明了P.anomala对哈密瓜细菌性果斑病菌具有生防作用。     

草莓褐色轮斑病病原鉴定及室内药效研究*

草莓褐色轮斑病近年越来越严重,尤其在草莓育苗阶段。从草莓发病叶片、匍匐茎上分离得到病原菌,对病原菌进行形态特征观察、生物学特性研究、ITS序列分析以及室内药效试验。结果表明：该病原菌为Sphaeronaemella fragariae。该菌菌丝生长最适温度范围是25～28 ℃;适宜pH为6;在供试的几种碳、氮源中,最适的碳源是蔗糖,最适的氮源是酵母浸出液。在供试的9种药剂中,以咪鲜胺1 000倍液对病菌的抑制作用最好。     

Molecular Monitoring of SRB Community Structure and Dynamics in Batch Experiments to Examine the Applicability of in situ Precipitation of Heavy Metals for Groundwater Remediation (15 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope   Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are known for their capacity to reduce and precipitate heavy metals (HM) as metal sulfides, offering the opportunity to create an in situ reactive zone for the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated groundwater, a process called in situ metal precipitation (ISMP). The applicability of the ISMP technology first has to be investigated at a laboratory scale before going into an on site application. The evaluation and optimization of the ISMP process is facilitated when physical/chemical analysis techniques are combined with molecular tools that specifically monitor the abundance, diversity and dynamics of the indigenous sulfate reducing microbial community. In this study, batch experiments were conducted in order to investigate the feasibility of ISMP as a groundwater remediation strategy for an industrial site contaminated with elevated levels of Zn, Cd, Co and Ni. Methods   The potential of different types of carbon source/ electron donor (lactate, acetate, methanol, ethanol, Hydrogen Release Compound?, molasses) to stimulate the sulfate reduction and metal precipitation activity of the naturally present (or indigenous) SRB community was explored. In addition, the effect of amending vitamin B12 and yeast extract was evaluated. The ISMP process was monitored by combining analytical analyzes of process parameters (SO42-concentration, heavy metal concentrations, pH, Eh) with molecular tools such as SRB subgroup and genus specific PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and phylogenetic analysis of clone sequences, based on either the 16S rRNA or the dsr (dissimilatory sulfite reductase) gene. Results and Discussion   The efficiency of different carbon-sources to stimulate the ISMP process followed the order HRC 〉 molasses 〉 methanol 〉 lactate 〉 ethanol 〉 acetate. Within 10 weeks, the highest sulfate and metal removal efficiencies ranged from 85% to 99%. Addition of yeast extract boosted the ISMP process, whereas vitamin B12 negligibly affected SRB activity. Analysis of the sulfate reducing population by SRB subgroup and genus specific PCR demonstrated that members of the genus Desulfosporosinus dominated in all batch tests, while 16S rDNA DGGE profiles additionally revealed the presence in the microbial communities of non-sulfate reducing bacteria within the family Clostridium and the -proteobacteria. The dsrB-based DGGE profiles allowed us to assess the diversity and dynamics of the sulfate reducing community and added to a better understanding of the effects of different batch conditions on the ISMP process. Remarkably, all dsrB sequences affiliated with the dsrB gene sequence cluster found in Desulfotomaculum, which received their xenologous dsrB gene from the -proteobacteria. Conclusions   The batch experiments, which aimed at stimulating the activities of the indigenous SRB communities, demonstrated that these communities were present and that their activities could be used to obtain efficient in situ precipitation of the contaminating heavy metals. This opens the possibility to test this concept in the future as an on site demonstration as part of the groundwater strategy for the heavy metal contaminated site. Although batch setups are suitable for preliminary feasibility studies for ISMP, they do not reflect the in situ situation where sulfate and heavy metal and metalloid polluted groundwater are supplied continuously. A sulfate reducing strain JG32A was isolated from whose 16S rRNA gene affiliated with the genus Desulfosporosinus, while its dsrB gene sequence clustered with Desulfotomaculum dsrB gene sequences, which received their xenologous dsr genes from -proteobacteria. Therefore we hypothesize that the batch experiments enrich members of the Desulfosporosinus genus that possess a non-orthologous dsrB gene. Recommendation and Perspective   The next step towards an on site pilot test for ISMP will be the setup of a series of column experiments, with process conditions that are selected based on the above mentioned results. This will allow to define optimal ISMP process conditions and to test its long-term efficacy and sustainability before going into an on site bioremediation application. By applying the described molecular tools together with physical-chemical analyzes, it can be investigated whether the same SRB community is enriched and which type of C-source is most effective in promoting and sustaining its growth and sulfate-reduction activity.     

The origin of the A genome donor of wheats (Triticum: Poaceae) – a perspective based on the sequence variation of the 5S DNA gene units

In a prior study on the haplomes of wheat using the 5S rRNA gene we assigned the long A1 and short A1 unit classes to the A haplome in the diploid T. monococcum. The short A1 unit class is absent in the tetraploids T. turgidum and T. timopheevii and in the hexaploid T. aestivum, although present in the hexaploid T. zhukovskyi. Both T. turgidum and T. aestivum contained a different 5S DNA unit class labeled the short A2.The purpose of this paper was to study the short A2 units in the two diploid species to shed light on the theory that the A haplome donor of T. turgidum and T. aestivum was T. urartu. Fifty eight clones were obtained from 12 accessions, sequenced and analyzed. As expected T. baeoticum, which is often classified as a subspecies of T. monococcum, contained the long A1 and the short A1 5S DNA units. Unexpectedly, T. urartu had the long A1 and the short G1 unit classes instead and other units not found so far in Triticum. These findings support the hypothesis that the donor of the A genome in T. zhukovskyi was T. monococcum, as identified by the short A1 units. However, the short A1 units are absent in T. timopheevii, also a carrier of the A genome. The short G1 units found in T. urartu also identify it as a possible donor of the G genome to T. timopheevii. The short G1 units were also found in T. aestivum in our prior study. The long G1 unit class was not found in T. urartu but reported from T. timopheevii and T. zhukovskyi. The implications of these and related findings on the evolution of wheats are discussed.     

Wood ash fertilization alters the forest humus Archaea community

The combined and separate effects of Cd and wood ash on Archaea from coniferous forest humus were studied in a microcosm experiment. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of the denaturing gradient gel analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified 0.9 kb 16S ribosomal DNA fragments revealed changes in archaeal communities due to the ash treatments. Cd with or without ash did not further influence the result. Representatives of the ash and control communities were cloned, grouped by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and finally sequenced. All sequences belonged to non-thermophilic Crenarchaea.     

指纹图谱技术在动物肠道微生物多样性研究中的应用

随着分子生物技术的发展,不可培养微生物多样性研究的难题得到了解决。肠道微生物处于特殊的生态环境条件下,分子生物学技术的应用使得肠道微生物多样性的研究进入了一个崭新的阶段。本文主要介绍了基于16S rRNA基因片段的一些肠道微生物研究工作中常用的分子生物学分析方法,主要包括变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE),温度梯度凝胶电泳(TGGE),单链构象多态性(SSCP),限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP),放大片断长度多态性(AFLP)和随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)等指纹图谱技术。     

半滑舌鳎腹水症病原的分离鉴定

从患病半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)内脏及腹水中分离到优势菌株8301,回归感染试验证实菌株8301对半滑舌鳎具有致病性;采用形态学观察、生化特性分析、16S rDNA基因序列分析等方法对所分离菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,菌株8301为革兰氏阳性球菌,生化特性与海豚链球菌(Streptococcus iniae)较为接近,以16S rDNA基因为遗传标记构建系统发育树将菌株8301与海豚链球菌聚为一支,置信度为96%。结果判定引起此次半滑舌鳎腹水病的病原菌为海豚链球菌。对24种抗菌药物敏感性分析试验证实菌株8301对制霉菌素、利福平、青霉素、阿奇霉素等敏感,对罗红霉素、呋喃唑酮等具有抗性。