活动导叶分布圆直径对混流式水轮机水力性能的影响

对于混流式水轮机,活动导叶与固定导叶以及转轮的相对位置直接影响导水机构和转轮内部流动,对水轮机安全、稳定、高效运行起到重要作用。采用商业软件ANSYS CFX 16. 0对某电站水轮机模型机全流道进行三维数值模拟计算,提出了5种活动导叶分布圆直径方案,分析不同方案下水轮机的外部能量特性与内部流场,寻找活动导叶安放的最佳位置。结果表明:适当增大活动导叶分布圆直径,可以有效改善叶片吸力面的低压区,降低活动导叶流域内水流的最大速度,改善转轮进口水流角,同时减小导水机构与转轮的水力损失。小流量工况下,D_0/D_1增大0. 031,水轮机效率提高了5. 28个百分点;设计工况与大流量工况下,活动导叶分布圆的变化对水轮机效率的影响相对于小流量工况较小,最高效率与最低效率的差值分别为0. 17%与0. 48%。因此,在一定范围内改变活动导叶的分布圆直径具有可实施性,对水轮机的优化设计有一定参考价值。     

脉冲式烟雾水雾机热力雾化水剂农药效果分析

针对脉冲式烟雾水雾机在喷施水雾剂农药时常出现滴液、流液或较大雾滴群等雾化不良现象,通过改装6HYW-60S型脉冲式烟雾水雾机,将药液流量设置成可调的测试装置,设定5个油门开度及4个药液流量,测试了脉冲发动机喷药前后的气流速度、温度及各喷药工况下的雾滴粒径分布。结果表明,在最小的油门启动开度到最大的油门工作开度可调范围内,对应的脉冲发动机燃油消耗率变化范围较小（相对变化13.0%）,喷管内对应的气流温度与速度也发生同等程度的变化。喷药时,喷管口处的气流温度与速度发生明显变化,由不喷药时约700℃的高温气流下降为75℃左右的雾滴流,相应的气流速度下降了16%左右;油门开度及药液流量对雾滴流温度的影响非常小,但对雾滴流速度的影响非常明显,油门开度增大,雾滴流速度明显增加,药液流量增大,雾滴流速度明显下降。在各油门开度下,对最小药液流量20L/h的雾化效果均不佳,尤其距喷雾出口较近处存在大量的300μm以上的较大雾滴,这些大雾滴极易跌落至地面,无法有效喷施到目标物上;药液流量增大至40L/h及以上时,各油门开度下的雾滴体积中径均较小,同一工况下各位置点的平均值不超过60μm。热力雾化的雾滴粒径分布曲线不是单一峰值的正态分布形态,常会出现不同中心雾滴粒径的雾滴群,且这些雾滴群的中心雾滴粒径基本保持一致。从喷雾出口喷出的雾滴流中,喷管中心轴线上的雾滴细小均匀、雾化充分,中心轴线上方的雾滴一般比中心点处稍大,中心轴线下方雾滴明显增大,且距中心轴线越远的下方,雾滴增大越明显,即雾滴流中较大雾滴群的量逐渐增加。以药液流量60L/h及油门开度90°为最佳雾化工况,在整个喷施区域内均形成了良好的雾化效果。     

滴灌施肥下水肥用量对温室土壤硝态氮残留的影响

【目的】通过水肥管理达到减少温室土壤硝态氮残留、维持土壤质量的目的,探求温室土壤硝态氮残留与水肥用量的关系。【方法】在滴灌施肥条件下,以灌水量和氮、磷、钾及有机肥用量为试验因素,根据当地日光温室番茄长季节栽培实际中的水肥用量,设计各试验因子的水肥水平,采用五元二次通用旋转组合设计进行试验。拉秧后测定耕层土壤硝态氮量,建立土壤硝态氮量与水肥因子间的数学模型,据此分析了各单因子效应及二因素的耦合效应。【结果】施氮量对土壤硝态氮残留量影响最大,施磷量、灌水量和施钾量次之,有机肥用量最小。当其他因子为0水平时,土壤硝态氮残留量随氮肥用量的增多而增加,随施磷量呈开口向上的抛物线变化,随灌水量、施钾量以及有机肥用量呈开口向下的抛物线变化。灌水量及氮、磷、钾和有机肥用量对土壤硝态氮残留产生的影响程度随其他因子的水平而变,存在明显交互作用。模型寻优显示:灌水量455.1～471.5 mm,施氮量532.3～586.5 kg/hm2,施磷量420.8～466.4 kg/hm2,施钾量646.1～723.5 kg/hm2,有机肥用量25.6～27.9 t/hm2,耕层土壤硝态氮量可维持在100～150 mg/kg的较低水平。【结论】温室菜地土壤硝态氮残留量相对较大,可以通过优化水肥用量来减少土壤硝态氮的残留,故在滴灌施肥条件下仍需严格控制水肥用量。     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

FSWM: A hybrid fuzzy-stochastic water-management model for agricultural sustainability under uncertainty

A hybrid fuzzy-stochastic water-management (FSWM) model is developed for agricultural sustainability under uncertainty, based on advancement of a multistage fuzzy-stochastic quadratic programming (MFSQP) approach. In MFSQP, uncertainties presented in terms of fuzziness and randomness can be incorporated within a multilayer scenario tree, such that revised decisions are permitted in each time period based on the realized values of the uncertain events. Moreover, fuzzy quadratic terms are used in the objective function to minimize the variation of satisfaction degrees among the constraints; it allows an increased flexibility in controlling the system risk in the optimization process. Results of the case study indicate that useful solutions for the planning of agricultural water management have been obtained. In the FSWM model, a number of policies for agricultural water supply are conducted. The results obtained can help decision makers to identify desired water-allocation schemes for agricultural sustainability under uncertainty, particularly when limited water resources are available for multiple competing users.     

Determining reference values for stem water potential and maximum daily trunk shrinkage in young apple trees based on plant responses to water deficit

The use of plant water status indicators such as midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) and maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) in irrigation scheduling requires the definition of a reference or threshold value, beyond which irrigation is necessary. These reference values are generally obtained by comparing the seasonal variation of plant water status with the environmental conditions under non-limiting soil water availability. In the present study an alternative approach is presented based on the plant’s response to water deficit. A drought experiment was carried out on two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Cox Orange’) in which both indicators (Ψ_stem and MDS) were related to several plant physiological responses. Sap flow rates, maximum net photosynthesis rates and daily radial stem growth (DRSG) (derived from continuous stem diameter variation measurements) were considered in the assessment of the approach. Depending on the chosen plant response in relationship with Ψ_stem or MDS, the obtained reference values varied between −1.04 and −1.46 MPa for Ψ_stem and between 0.17 and 0.28 mm for MDS. In both cultivars, the approach based on maximum photosynthesis rates resulted in less negative Ψ_stem values and smaller MDS values, compared to the approaches with sap flow and daily radial stem growth. In the well-irrigated apple trees, day-to-day variations in midday Ψ_stem and MDS were related to the evaporative demand. These variations were more substantial for MDS than for midday Ψ_stem.     

基于计算机视觉的葡萄茎直径高精度测量方法

提出了基于计算机视觉的葡萄茎直径测量方法,采用双边滤波降低图像噪声,通过Otsu阈值分割和BloB分析实现葡萄茎与背景的分离,应用基于特征点的定位方法得到茎直径测量位置,由茎直径所包含像素数和尺寸当量计算出茎直径值,从而实现茎直径连续测量.实验和现场应用表明,系统测量重复精度可达±0.5μm.     

潜水泵扩张式喷嘴排液装置的优化设计与试验

针对泄漏液体严重危及潜水泵安全的问题,在原非扩张式喷嘴排液装置的基础上,优化设计了一种具有扩张式喷嘴的在线排液装置.为了比较分别具有扩张式和非扩张式喷嘴的排液装置性能的优劣,设计了这两种形式的喷嘴,并设计了4种不同尺寸喉嘴距及6种不同尺寸混合管直径的排液装置;对各种不同的排液装置在同一试验台上分别进行了试验.试验结果表明,当排液装置的扬程为6 m时,具有扩张式喷嘴的排液装置具有更好的排液性能,其最佳工作压力为0.3 MPa,最佳喉嘴距为1.67倍喷嘴喉部直径之长度,最佳混合管直径为2倍喷嘴喉部直径.与非扩张式喷嘴排液装置相比较,具有最佳尺寸的扩张式喷嘴排液装置可以更好地解决潜水泵液体泄漏问题.     

Verification of mean volume backscattering strength obtained from acoustic Doppler current profiler by using sound scattering layer

ABSTRACT:   Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) have recently been used to estimate the dynamic characteristics and biomass of sound scattering layers (SSLs) or swimming speed of fish schools and to analyze SSL spatial distribution or various behavior patterns. This paper shows that it is necessary to verify mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS, dB) values acquired from each beam for quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution or the biomass estimates of such specific targets as SSL or a fish school when using an ADCP. In this study, the SSL was selected to be a homogeneous density layer over a large area and two methods were used to verify the MVBS values from each beam of the ADCP. First, a mutual comparison among four beams was conducted after calculating MVBS from the measured echo intensity. Second, the MVBS values were verified using comparison between the calculated MVBS from the 153.6 kHz ADCP and MVBS from three frequencies of a well-calibrated scientific echosounder. Moreover, the dominant scatterers (euphausiids) were collected by a framed midwater trawl. From these samples, biological data were used to identify the different frequency characteristics between two systems, using a distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) theoretical backscattering model in order to assess the averaged target strength and target strength TS differences for the three frequencies.     

水匮乏指数在区域水安全评价中的应用

针对水安全问题,以农垦红兴隆分局为例,采用水匮乏指数和样本均值-标准差分级法对红兴隆分局下属12个农场2006年的水安全状况进行了评价和分级,并根据分级结果提出了相应的对策。结果表明,八五三和红旗岭农场的WPI值处于安全状态,水安全状况最为乐观;饶河农场的WPI值处于较高安全状态,水安全状况较好;友谊、五九七、八五二、二九一和江川农场的WPI值处于中等安全状态,水安全保障体系有待于进一步加强;北兴农场的WPI值处于较低安全状态,水安全状况较差;而双鸭山、曙光和宝山农场的WPI值处于不安全状态,水安全状况最差。