The pulp and paper properties of Sirex noctilio infested and fire-damagedthermomechanically pulped,South African grown Pinus patula

Pinus patula is the softwood species most extensively planted in South Africa. However, large portions of these plantings are under threat from Sirex noctilio infestation and occasional forest fires. In this exploratory investigation, the effects of tree age, Sirex noctilio infestation and fire damage to wood from Pinus patula trees on their pulp and paper properties were evaluated. Pulp was produced using the thermomechanical pulping (TMP) process. The energy consumption required to pulp the different pulpwood materials was determined. Pulps were beaten for five different time periods to investigate the development of the fibre properties in response to increasing energy input. Paper properties such as burst, tear strength and breaking length were determined on handsheets manufactured from unbeaten and beaten pulps. Box and line plots and canonical variate analysis biplots were used to statistically analyse the data. It was found that the burst strength of paper produced from healthy trees was significantly higher than that from sirex-infested or fire damaged (burnt) trees. Similarly, the tear strength of paper from healthy and burnt trees was significantly better than from sirex-infested or young trees. No significant differences in breaking length were evident between the pulpwood materials and an increase in beating time did not lead to any improvements. From this study it can be concluded that wood from dead or dying, sirex-infested and young trees produced paper with consistently lower strength properties compared to wood obtained from healthy 12-year-old trees.     

微波预处理对桉木化机浆性能的影响

通过微波、水浴两种加热方式下浸渍木片吸液量的比较,探究了微波对桉木渗透性的影响,结果显示:在其它浸渍条件(NaOH质量分数4%,木片质量分数20%)相同的情况下,木片浸渍时,经微波加热后其吸液量较水浴加热显著提高,微波处理5 min即可达到水浴处理45 min的吸液量,大大提高了浸渍效率。将微波用于化学机械法制浆的预浸渍阶段,经微波处理所得纸浆二段漂白白度最高可达68.9%(ISO),较汽蒸保温提高3～6个百分点;在加拿大游离度为305 mL时,微波处理浆的抗张指数可达19 N·m/g,撕裂指数可达2.15 mN·m^2/g,耐破指数达0.8 kPa·m^2/g,分别比汽蒸处理样高3 N·m/g、0.2 mN·m^2/g和0.1 kPa·m^2/g。     

开式离心纸浆泵叶轮流道内部流场PIV试验研究

为研究开式纸浆泵叶轮流道内纤维颗粒对液相流场的影响,采用透明有机玻璃材料制造模型样机,以清水和0.1%质量浓度的头发纤维悬浮液为介质,通过PIV试验对叶轮流道内的流动进行可视化研究.试验结果表明:当输送清水介质时,在大流量工况下叶轮流道内流动稳定,未出现旋涡和低速区;在小流量工况下,当叶轮流道旋转到蜗壳隔舌附近位置时,在叶轮流道中段压力面附近开始产生低速区,且低速区随着叶轮流道靠近隔舌位置和流量减小逐渐增大,在远离隔舌位置的叶轮流道内未产生明显的低速区;受叶片扭曲的影响,在叶轮流道内垂直于泵轴的不同截面上的相对速度大小不同,且随着叶片扭曲程度减小,相对速度差减小;输送头发纤维悬浮液介质时,在纤维颗粒的影响下,叶轮流道内的液相流动相对速度降低,导致在小流量工况下叶轮流道中段压力面附近低速区面积增大;在大流量工况下,纤维颗粒存在使液相流动的相对速度大小分布更均匀.     

不同复合微生物制剂对薯渣与大豆秸秆混贮发酵品质、营养成分及瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究4种不同复合微生物制剂对薯渣与大豆秸秆混贮发酵效果的影响。试验采用密封塑料桶进行混贮,将薯渣与大豆秸秆按照1∶3的重量比混合,采用单因素试验设计,分别设置对照组(不含微生物制剂)及试验1、2、3和4组(分别添加微生物制剂1、2、3、4),每组3个重复。贮存60 d后取样分析,采用实验室化学分析法测定混贮饲料的发酵品质和营养成分,采用半体内法测定48 h瘤胃降解率,同时进行有氧稳定性测试。结果表明:1)各复合微生物制剂组的感官评定结果无明显差异,均为一级优良。2)经发酵品质的分析测定,各复合微生物制剂组的混贮饲料发酵品质均得到改善,以试验2组的pH最低(P<0.01),乳酸含量最高(P<0.01),氨态氮/总氮最低(P>0.05)。3)除试验4组外,各复合微生物制剂组的干物质损失率(DML)均高于对照组(P>0.05),与对照组相比,各复合微生物制剂组粗蛋白质(CP)含量提高(P>0.05),而可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量极显著降低(P<0.01),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)各复合微生物制剂组的有氧稳定性较对照组均得到提高,其中以试验2组的效果最好(P<0.01),其次是试验1组(P<0.01)、试验3组(P<0.01)和试验4组(P<0.05)。5)各复合微生物制剂组的干物质(DM)48h瘤胃降解率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),CP瘤胃降解率(P<0.05)、NDF瘤胃降解率(P<0.01)与对照组相比均以试验2组最高,且试验2组的ADF瘤胃降解率显著高于对照(P<0.05),但与其他组差异不显著(P>0.05),各复合微生物制剂组的淀粉瘤胃降解率较对照组均得到提高,试验2组的淀粉瘤胃降解率较对照组提高3.34%(P<0.01)。综上,在本试验条件下,经发酵处理后,薯渣混贮饲料质地松软,呈酸香味,无黏手现象,试验2组对薯渣与大豆秸秆混贮饲料的发酵品质有明显的改善作用,处理效果最好。     

Effect of feeding wood kraft pulp on the growth performance,feed digestibility,blood components,and rumen fermentation in Japanese Black fattening steers

This study aimed to examine the effects of feeding kraft pulp (KP) on the growth performance, feed digestibility, and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black fattening steers. Ten Japanese Black fattening steers (aged 26 months) were randomly divided into control and KP groups. The control group (n = 5) was fed concentrate feed without KP, and the KP group (n = 5) was fed concentrate feed containing 10% KP. Both the groups were provided rice straw as roughage. The experiment was conducted over a period of 12 weeks. There was no significant difference in dry matter intake, daily body weight gain, and nutrient digestibility between both groups. No difference was observed in the ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids among the groups. At weeks 8 and 12 after the onset of the experiment, the acetate‐to‐propionate ratio in the ruminal fluid of the KP group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The average daily pH of ruminal fluid and activity of ruminal lipopolysaccharide did not differ between the groups. Our results suggested that the growth performance and feed digestibility in the Japanese Black fattening steers were not influenced by replacing concentrate feed with KP.     

Dietary inclusion of dehydrated bocaiuva pulp increases the antioxidant potential of quail eggs

The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary supplementation of different levels of dehydrated bocaiuva pulp (DBP) on the productive performance of laying quails, and on lipid oxidation, and quality in their eggs. A total of 120 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% of DBP), five replicates and four birds per experimental unit. To evaluate lipid oxidation, the eggs were collected on five consecutive days at the end of the trial and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 6 × 5 factorial scheme (eggs from quails fed different levels of DBP × evaluated fresh and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days). The antioxidant potential of diets was improved (p < 0.05) when the DBP was added estimated as 2,2'‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazolin‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging capacity. No effect (p > 0.05) was observed on feed intake, hen‐day egg production and feed conversion (kg/kg and kg/dz). There were no changes (p > 0.05) in the egg weight, Haugh unit, yolk index or eggshell percentage. Although no difference was observed (p > 0.05), when comparing each level with the control, a negative linear effect (p < 0.05) on specific gravity was observed. In addition, only the treatment with 0.5% pulp exhibited lower (p < 0.05) eggshell thickness compared with the control (0%). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) analysis showed that as the dietary pulp level was increased, malondialdehyde content decreased linearly (p < 0.05) in the egg yolks, regardless of the storage period. Inclusion of DBP in the diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on the concentration of conjugated dienes in the eggs. The diets containing DBP showed a potential antioxidant effect, reducing the degree of lipid oxidation in egg yolk. However, no beneficial effects were observed on performance and egg quality.     

Sulfuric acid bleaching of kraft pulp III: reactivity of kraft pulping-resistant structures under acidic conditions

To investigate the bleaching mechanism, a lignincarbohydrate complex (LCC) model compound, a vinyl ether-type lignin model dimer, and a hexeneuronic acid model compound were treated with dilute sulfuric acid of different pHs. Beech kraft pulp and red pine kraft pulp were also treated with dilute sulfuric acid and then extracted with aqueous alkali. The amount of hexeneuronic acid degradation products in acid effluents and lignin dissolved in alkali effluents were determined. It was found that the benzyl ether-type LCC bond and the vinyl ether bond in lignin were effectively cleaved under the pH where sulfuric acid bleaching of kraft pulp was effective. Hexeneuronic acid group was also effectively degraded during sulfuric acid bleaching. In beech kraft pulp bleaching, both lignin removal and hexeneuronic acid removal contributed to the kappa number reduction. In red pine bleaching, the contribution of hexeneuronic acid removal was negligible, and most of the kappa number reduction was achieved by the lignin removal.Part of this report was presented at the 9th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Montreal, July 1997     

湿地松纸浆材原料林经营模式的经营技术体系

以森林经营模式理论为指导,依据湿地松纸浆材原料林经营模式的经营模拟系统,建立了该经营模式的经营技术体系．研究结果表明：按照该经营模式提供的优化经营技术,经营湿地松纸浆材原料林,可获得最佳的经营效果,投入产出比高达４９４％     

Control of nitrate leaching from a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone using paper mill waste

Abstract. The effects on nitrate leaching of incorporation of paper mill waste at three cultivation depths in fields previously cropped to iceberg lettuce and calabrese are reported. In the lettuce experiment, incorporation of 40 t DM paper mill waste/ha resulted in a decrease in N leaching (measured with suction cups) from 177 to 94 kg/ha (S.E._d= 23). Deep ploughing with and without paper waste increased N leaching from 105 kg/ha (normal ploughing or surface incorporation) to 172 kg/ha (S. E. _d= 27). Measurements of nitrate leaching using deep soil cores showed a less clear cut effect. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were very high immediately after paper waste was ploughed in to a depth of 35 cm. Non–significant increases in biomass N content were measured in the spring following paper waste application. There was no significant reduction in plant N uptake in subsequent crops. Removal of above–ground crop residues did not have a significant effect on nitrate leaching or N₂O losses. In the calabrese experiment, application of 40 t DM paper mill waste/ha followed by summer cropping with iceberg lettuce caused a decrease in N leaching (measured using deep soil cores) from 227 to 152 kg/ha (S. E._d= 22, mean of all cultivation treatments).     

果胶酶在黑加伦果汁加工中的应用技术研究

应用Ｅｃ３．２．１．５果胶酶以正交试验法对黑加伦果浆进行不同条件的处理,并且考虑到果汁加工的实际情况,选择出了最适的酶处理技术及参数,即在４５℃条件下用６０μｇ／ｇ酶处理黑加伦原果浆４ｈ,可提高黑加果汁出汁率１０％,并对酶的处理过程进行了动力学分析。