Discrimination of geographical origin of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by multielement analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

This study aims to determine the authenticity of the geographical origin of rice using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and chemometrics. The profiles of 25 elements in brown rice measured by ICP-AES were subjected to data-mining processes, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). PLS-DA clearly discriminated the geographical origin of rice samples grown in three countries. Eleven elements (Cu, Ag, Zn, Cr, Ca, Ba, Cd, Bi, K, Pb, and In) significantly contributed to the ability to discriminate the geographical origin of the rice. These results demonstrate the use of multielement profiling combined with chemometrics as a tool for discriminating food origins. This study extends our knowledge about the applications of both multielement profiling and chemometrics for the determination of food authenticity, and thus can be useful for controlling the geographical origin of rice by governmental administration and protecting consumers from improper domestic labeling.     

ArcView GIS中地图要素的自动生成

为了提高GIS输出的质量,提供了在ArcView GIS中自动生成地图数学要素的算法和程序。该程序用Avenue语言编写。为了使程序简洁、高效,采用了调用动态连接库技术,把复杂的计算部分编写为动态连接库,在ArcView GIS中调用。     

福建省森林景观资源质量评价

应用改进的投影寻踪技术建立森林景观资源评价模型,可把各森林景观资源多维分类指标综合成一维投影值。投影值越大,表示该森林景观资源景观价值越大,因此,可以根据投影值的大小,对森林景观资源样本集进行合理区划。改进的投影寻踪技术用于景观资源分级与区划,其优化时间短、投影函数能达到最优,投影寻踪效果理想,简单可行,可操作性强。通过由样本数据驱动的改进的投影寻踪技术,建立福建省阔叶林森林景观资源评价模型,并结合聚类分析进行等级划分,福建省阔叶林景观资源等级划分为三级较为适宜。     

Reestablishment of transzonal projections and growth of bovine oocytes in vitro

Transzonal projections (TZPs) that maintain bidirectional communication between oocytes and granulosa cells or cumulus cells are important structures for oocyte growth. However, whether TZPs develop between TZP-free oocytes and granulosa cells, and whether reestablished TZPs support oocyte growth, is unknown. We first examined changes in TZPs after denudation of bovine oocytes collected from early antral follicles (0.5–0.7 mm). Twenty-four hours after denudation, almost all the TZPs disappeared. We also examined the reestablishment of TZPs by coculturing TZP-free denuded oocytes (DOs) with mural granulosa cells (MGCs) collected from early antral follicles. In addition, to confirm if the reestablished TZPs were functional, the reconstructed complexes (DO+MGCs) were subjected to in vitro growth culture and found that the MGCs adhered to TZP-free DOs and TZPs were reestablished. During in vitro growth culture, DO+MGCs developed and formed antrum-like structures. After culture, the number of TZPs in DO+MGCs increased, and the oocytes grew fully and acquired meiotic competence. These results suggest that reestablished TZPs are able to support oocyte growth.     

基于DNDC模型的玉米田土壤有机碳变化模拟预测

为揭示有机碳变化的关键影响因素并为北京地区实现固碳减排目标提供科学依据,利用北京怀柔区前桥梓村玉米田2016-2019年土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）实测数据对反硝化-分解模型（denitrification-decomposition model,DNDC）进行验证,选取气候、土壤及秸秆还田等主要影响因子对验证后的DNDC模型进行敏感性分析,模拟了2种典型浓度路径（RCP8.5、RCP4.5）下该农田未来（至2100年）土壤有机碳变化情况。结果显示：经过校验后的DNDC模型可较好地模拟该玉米田SOC变化;初始有机碳含量及秸秆还田率是SOC变化的主要影响因素;RCP8.5及RCP4.5下SOC含量增加明显,土壤碳库在2100年达到平衡,2100年有机碳含量分别达到27.70、29.03 g/kg,分别较初始有机碳含量上升197.85%和212.15%。结果表明,DNDC模型可用于该研究区玉米田有机碳变化预测,该农田持续采用当前施肥和秸秆还田管理方式可实现土壤持续固碳。     

悬栅消能率的投影寻踪回归数值模拟及检验

应用投影寻踪回归技术，对非正态、非线性悬栅消能率实验数据，用1／5数据建模拟合，4／5数据留做预留检验，拟合合格率92％，预留检验合格率92％，并与激光测速得出的消能率及原型观测的消能率完全吻合。     

Tree morphology responds to neighbourhood competition and slope in species-rich forests of subtropical China

Trees are able to respond to their local biotic and abiotic environment with morphological adjustments which improve resource acquisition and, thus, growth. In forests, light is broadly recognised as one of the major factors determining growth, and morphological responses comprise changes in crown architecture and stem stature. On sloping terrain, the interplay of phototropism and gravitropism may further affect morphological growth characteristics. However, different tree species are expected to show species-specific responses. In this study, we analysed three growth characteristics of tree individuals belonging to four species of two functional groups (evergreen: Schima superba, Castanopsis eyrei, deciduous: Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata, Castanea henryi) in a species-rich Chinese subtropical forest. Crown projection area, relative crown displacement and stem inclination were related to biotic (local species richness, functional richness, competition, stand age) and abiotic (slope aspect and inclination, soil depth) variables in the local neighbourhood of the tree individuals. We hypothesised that (i) there are species-specific differences in the morphological response of crown architecture and stem stature and (ii) that crown size and asymmetry as well as stem inclination are influenced by both, biotic and abiotic factors. In contrast to our expectations we were unable to reveal any species-specific differences in any of the three growth characteristics. The results of mixed effects models showed that crown area was mainly affected by the target tree's dbh and biotic variables related to neighbours (competition, functional diversity), whereas stem inclination was mainly influenced by slope. Relative crown displacement was influenced by both, biotic and abiotic variables. We conclude that growth responses resulting in crown displacement and stem inclination seem to be an important mechanism to ameliorate foraging for light in our study area, but that these responses appear to be species-independent. The interplay of stem inclination and crown displacement allows for a plastic response of tree individuals in biotically and abiotically heterogeneous environments. Our results indicate that forest management in this region should focus on functionally diverse stands which are promoting crown area positively resulting in increased growth rates of individual trees.     

Branch mortality and potential litterfall from Douglas-fir trees in stands of varying density

Forest floor characteristics influence nutrient cycling and energy flow properties of forest ecosystems, and determine quality of habitat for many forest plants and animals. Differential crown recession and crown development among stands of differing density suggest that an opportunity may exist to control the input of fine woody litter into the system by manipulating stand density. The objective was to measure the rate of branch mortality among stands of differing density and to estimate the range in total per hectare necromass inputs. Although litter traps are reliable for estimating per hectare rates of litterfall, branch mortality dating on sectioned stems uniquely allows assessment of several other litterfall components: (1) individual tree contributions to total litterfall; (2) the amount of branch material released by mortality, regardless of whether the branches are shed to the forest floor; (3) the distribution of basal diameters characterizing the litterfall from a given tree and stand. Twenty-four trees were felled and sectioned on permanent plots that were part of a silvicultural study of stand density regimes in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.). Whorl branches were dissected out of bole sections to determine the dates of mortality, and a branch biomass equation was applied to estimate potential rate of litterfall. Periodic annual rates were expressed in four ways: (1) number of branches per tree; (2) mass of branches per tree; (3) mass of branches per unit of crown projection area; (4) mass of branches per hectare. For the growth periods investigated, larger trees and trees growing on denser plots tended to release a greater necromass through branch mortality. Average branch basal diameter generally decreased with increasing stand density. Annual branch mortality ranged from 33 to 430 g m⁻² crown projection area for individual trees, and from 236 to 1035 kg ha⁻¹ for individual plots. These rates approached the low end of the range of previously published fine litterfall rates for Douglas-fir. Rates on these plots were relatively low owing to the temporary delay in crown recession imposed by artificial thinning. A conceptual model of branch litter dynamics is presented to depict consistencies with crown development among stands managed under different density regimes.     

基于山海易绘(EzMap)结合ARCGIS坐标系相互转换的应用

按照国务院推广使用2000国家大地坐标系的要求,通过EzMap结合ARCGIS对坐标系之间相互转换进行了试验,得出一种实用的坐标系互转模式。转换结果与已知控制点的对比,结果表明,坐标转换方法满足林业资源调查对坐标转换精度的要求。