宁夏六盘山三种针叶林初级净生产力年际变化及其气象因子响应

利用年轮生态学方法和生物量经验方程,在宁夏六盘山研究了华山松天然林及华北落叶松和油松人工林等3种针叶林的年初级净生产力(NPP)及其与气象因子间的关系。研究表明:3种针叶林生物量的年际变化均符合逻辑斯蒂方程,林分的现存生物量(t/hm²)为华北落叶松林最大(141.96),华山松林(130.99)次之,油松林最小(123.29)。3种针叶林NPP存在显著的年际差异和种间差异,林分的NPP(t·hm^-2·a^-1)为华北落叶松林(6.72)>油松林(5.76)>华山松林(2.66);NPP年际变化在华山松林呈现"快速增加-缓慢增加-缓慢减小"的趋势,而华北落叶松林和油松林为快速上升的趋势。3种针叶林的NPP随年降水量的变化行为不同,华山松林极轻微地增大,华北落叶松林和油松林均是先增加后降低;然而在极端干旱年份或极端湿润年份,3种针叶林的NPP都趋向于相同的较低值,其原因可能分别是水分胁迫和低温胁迫。气象因子对林分NPP的影响具明显的"滞后效应"和种间差异。华山松林NPP与上年11月和当年9、11月的降水量显著负相关;油松林NPP与上年9月及当年4月的降水量显著相关;上年和当年9月的降水量均与华北落叶松林NPP显著正相关。上年6月的温度和当年3与6月的月均温及月均最高温能显著影响3种针叶林的NPP,但存在种间差异,其中华山松林NPP与当年与上年生长季各月的温度均呈不同程度的负相关,而油松林和华北落叶松林则多呈不同程度的正相关。     

基于遥感监测的无锡市土地利用变化特征及其驱动力分析

以无锡市2000、2005和2010年Landsat TM影像为数据源,采用决策树分类方法将无锡市土地利用类型分为建设用地、耕地、林地、园地和水域5大类。同时利用土地利用转移矩阵分析了2000～2010年无锡市土地利用特征。最后结合无锡市社会经济和人文数据,对无锡市土地利用变化的驱动力进行了分析。结果表明:2000～2010年无锡市各种土地利用类型总量和比例发生了巨大变化,城市建设用地面积不断扩大,耕地面不断减少,而园地和水域面积有小幅度的上升,林地基本维持在原来的比例,减少的耕地大部分转换为建设用地、水域和园地。人口的急剧增加和经济的快速发展是导致土地利用发生变化的2个重要原因。     

鲆鲽类产业发展现状及趋势分析

2011年全国鲆鲽鱼类总产量接近12万t,鲆鲽鱼产业产值超过100亿元.鲆鲽鱼养殖是我国北方海水养殖业的重要组成部分,并开始向南方沿海省份扩张.目前,我国鲆鲽类产业面临着自然资源不足的问题,鲆鲽鱼发展速度相对放缓.介绍了鲆鲽鱼产业的发展现状,分析鲆鲽鱼产业面临的主要问题,结合PEST模型和五力模型对鲆鲽鱼产业的发展趋势进行分析,并提出了相应的对策建议.     

基于RS和GIS的吉首市城市扩展动态研究

以RS和GIS技术为支撑,基于多时相Landsat遥感数据,采用监督分类中最大似然方法提取湘西自治州吉首市城市空间特征信息,通过影像叠加分析及重心转移分析,结合扩张速度指标和吉首市独特的人文因素研究表明：吉首市城区1987-2005年19a间面积翻了1．3倍,年平均增长率为4．511％;城区扩展空间主要集中在西南方向;在此基础上,以影响城市扩张视角多元化为出发点,通过分析社会经济因子、人口因子、政策导向性因子等因子对城区扩张的影响,得出在政策导向性的前提下,社会经济（GDP）和人口增长是吉首市城市扩展的核心影响因子。     

对我国绿色小学建筑评价体系的思考——以无锡某小学为例

介绍了无锡某小学的绿色技术体系情况,并以此为基础,从我国绿色建筑评价标准的条文设置、技术适宜性等角度,分析了选用绿色公共建筑技术评估体系评价小学项目时可能遇到的一些问题,进而对我国打造绿色小学评价标准体系提出了合理化建议。     

A South African softwood sawtimber supply chain case study

Supply chain management principles were analysed by investigating the effects of smaller-scale and incremental interventions in a forest-to-mill value chain on financial returns and forest resource use in an Eastern Cape case study area. Three previous studies provided input by determining fibre balances, a terrain factor, and primary and secondary transport travel speeds and efficiencies. Network analysis, combined with raster-based GIS, analysed different primary and secondary transport scenarios. The forest road network was repeatedly refined through theoretical removal of lower-class roads and subsequent upgrades of remaining roads, and the timber resource flowed over the remaining road network to the mill. Four road networks, including the existing and unrefined network, were studied. With sequentially improved secondary transport travel speeds, primary transport efficiency and fibre use, the net financial returns of the various scenarios were determined by applying discounted cash flow analysis (NPV). To address all possible combinations, 144 unique scenarios were created. The highest NPV achieved was R300.8 million associated with a highly upgraded road network and associated fast secondary transport speeds, cable skidder extraction, motor-manual felling and cross-cutting at the merchandising yard, all factors at optimal performance. The lowest NPV was R40.4 million associated with a simplified road network, low secondary transport speeds, cable skidder extraction, mechanised felling, and roadside merchandising and at status quo systems performance. Examination of individual factors found systems performance, secondary transport speeds and road network had the greatest influence, with systems performance and fibre losses providing the largest impact. Secondary transport speed followed as nine of the top 10 NPV scenarios were achieved with the highest possible road design speeds. Higher-class networks consistently outperformed the baseline and simplified scenarios. Harvesting system had limited effect. When operating at peak performance, using a merchandising yard becomes a better choice. There was no clear difference in terms of felling method or skidder type. It is clear that the optimised use of potentially the most productive machine, for example in one system, does not provide the best final results and that it is the basic harmonisation of all factors that must be taken into account. As in all three previous and related studies, the human element played a role.     

Productivity,grazing utilization,forage quality and primary production controls of species‐rich alpine grasslands with Nardus stricta in northern Spain

Species‐rich alpine grasslands with Nardus stricta are important communities for both animal production and environmental conservation in Europe. We selected two contrasting types of Nardus grasslands (mesic and wet) within a rangeland of northern Spain and measured annual above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP), botanical components, forage utilization and their respective seasonal patterns, during a 5‐year period. We analysed their chemical properties and recorded soil moisture and temperature in order to construct models able to explain grassland productivity. Mean annual ANPP of mesic Nardus grassland was about half (216 g DM m^?2 year^?1; ±29·8 s.e.) that of the wet grassland (406 g DM m^?2 year^?1; ±54·3 s.e.), with significant intra‐ and interannual variability. Mesic grassland, with a more important contribution of forbs and legumes over graminoids in its botanical composition, was the preferred forage source of grazing livestock and showed better chemical properties in spring and early summer. In summer and autumn, wet grassland had a higher utilization owing to its ability to maintain high biomass production. This was partially explained by soil moisture, a limiting factor of mesic grassland productivity. Our results provide new and relevant information on key aspects of species‐rich alpine Nardus grasslands, potentially useful for the definition of management options for these habitats of priority conservation.     

气候变化背景下羌塘国家自然保护区植被净初级生产力时空变化

基于Miami模型和Thornthwaite Memorial模型，利用西藏羌塘国家自然保护区附近5个气象站1971-2018年气温、降水数据和第五次耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）多个全球模式历史和未来预估数据，分析保护区附近及保护区气温、降水、植被净初级生产力（NPP）的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）保护区附近年平均气温从西部到东部渐低，年降水量从西部到东部渐多。年平均气温（T）呈显著升高趋势，年降水量（R）和年蒸散量（E）均呈微弱增加趋势，伴随各站气温NPP（NPPt）呈显著升高趋势，降水NPP（NPPr）呈微弱增加趋势，大部分站点蒸散NPP（NPPe）和标准NPP（NPPb）均呈微弱增加趋势；（2）NPPt从西部到东部逐渐变小，NPPr从西部到东部逐渐变大，NPPe、NPPb从西部到东部先变大后变小。狮泉河、改则站植被NPP限制因子为降水，申扎、班戈站为蒸散，安多站为蒸散或气温；（3）21世纪不同年代NPPt、NPPr、NPPe和NPPb与20世纪所有年代相比均显著增大。保护区NPPt、NPPr、NPPe和NPPb在未来不同排放情景下相对于1960-1990年均明显增加。保护区在近48a和未来气候“暖湿化”趋势下，植被NPP均有所增加，东南部的寒冷湿润地区增加幅度较大，而西北部寒冷干旱地区增加幅度较小。未来气候有利于当地植被NPP提高，从而改善生态环境。     

大丽花‘费罗加’组织培养和块根诱导

以大丽花品种‘费罗加’为试材,茎段作为外植体,探讨了不同基本培养基、激素组合、蔗糖浓度、光照时间等对诱导愈伤组织、不定芽、不定根和块根的影响,以期缩短块根生产周期。结果表明:初代培养在MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1+蔗糖30 g·L-1+琼脂6 g·L-1上愈伤组织诱导率为54.9%,褐化率为44.8%,污染率为26.6%,成活率达69.6%。继代增殖培养最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.01 mg·L-1+蔗糖30 g·L-1+琼脂6 g·L-1,增殖系数为7.8,愈伤组织诱导率22.9%。生根最佳培养基为WPM+NAA 1.0 mg·L-1+6-BA 0.1 mg·L-1+蔗糖60 g·L-1+琼脂6 g·L-1+炭粉2 g·L-1,最适宜光照时间为6 h,生根率为98.5%,根系密集健壮。块根诱导最适材料为带根瓶苗,出现初步形态的块根,形成块根率达56.8%。     

乙型脑炎病毒感染小鼠原代神经元细胞的miRNA表达谱差异分析

研究乙型脑炎病毒（Japanese encephalitis virus，JEV）感染后小鼠原代神经元细胞miRNA的表达谱差异，初步探讨JEV与宿主在miRNA水平的相互作用。分别提取JEV感染48 h后的小鼠原代神经元细胞和未染毒组细胞，高通量测序分析miRNA的表达谱并进行差异分析，选取显著差异表达的miRNA进行实时定量PCR验证。结果筛选出26个差异表达显著的miRNA，其中，18个表达上调，8个表达下调。小鼠原代脑神经元细胞中mmu-miR-21a-3p、mmu-miR-223-5p、mmu-miR-147-3p、mmu-miR-155-5p和mmu-miR-146a-5p的表达促进JEV-E基因在神经元细胞中表达，而mmu-miR-301a的表达抑制JEV-E基因的表达。神经元细胞中miRNA的表达影响JEV的复制，为进一步研究JEV致神经功能异常机制提供研究方向和理论支持。