稻壳灰制备聚硅酸硫酸铝絮凝剂及其结构性能

为了进一步充分利用稻壳灰中的硅和碳,该文提出由稻壳灰制备水玻璃并进一步制备聚硅酸硫酸铝(poly aluminum silicate sulfate,PASS)絮凝剂,对PASS进行结构表征,并考察了PASS处理有机废水的絮凝效果。结果表明,由稻壳灰制备水玻璃,可通过碱处理稻壳灰获得模数为3.3的水玻璃并联产活性炭;再由上述水玻璃制备PASS。通过考察二氧化硅质量分数、铝硅摩尔比、p H值对其絮凝性能的影响,得到较佳工艺条件:二氧化硅质量分数7%,铝硅摩尔比1∶2,p H值为2.0,此条件下投量(以Al2O3计)60 mg/L时有机废水(油墨废水)的除浊率和脱色率分别为97.29%、94.26%,相同投量下处理有机废水(油墨废水和油脂废水),PASS的除浊率和脱色率高于聚合氯化铝(poly aluminum chloride)10%~20%左右;X射线衍射(x-ray diffraction)、傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer)的结构分析表明PASS是由硅和铝组成的无定型聚合物。研究结果为稻壳灰资源的应用开辟一条新途径,为絮凝剂的原料来源提供参考。     

基于计算机视觉的花椒外观品质检测及其MATLAB实现

为适应花椒快速、准确、自动分级的要求,提出了基于计算机视觉的花椒外观品质检测方法,以避免传统的人眼感观检测存在的可重复性差、效率低、随意性大等缺陷.针对Canny算子边缘检测后,花椒样本图像中仍有部分个体的边界不连续、直接对边缘检测结果填充时效果较差,提出了更能有效识别花椒籽粒的二次填充算法.通过分别比较椒籽、闭眼、果穗梗和果皮的凹性率、椭圆度、面积值,发现四种成分的同一形态特征有一定差异,可作分离参数.试验和数据分析表明,图像分辨率为600dpi时,取凹性率0.95、面积值7000像素可先分离出椒籽,再取椭圆度0.9能分离出果穗梗,最后取凹性率0.8964、椭圆度0.5072能有效区分余下的闭眼和果皮.利用MATLAB R2006a软件平台开发了花椒外观品质计算机视觉检测系统软件,实现了对颗粒均匀度、椒籽率、闭眼率和果穗梗率指标值的检测.试验结果表明:该方法合理有效、程序设计可靠、识别效果良好,对椒籽、果穗梗正确识别率达100%,闭眼及果皮正确识别率分别达89%、96.8%,为进一步完善花椒外观品质的计算机视觉检测提供了理论基础和技术支持.     

采用电子鼻评价肉制品中的香精质量（简报）

利用电子鼻对用于肉制品中的四个不同厂家生产的玉米香精样品进行评价.通过对所获得的数据进行主成分分析(Principal ComponentAnalysis,PCA)及判别因子分析(Discriminant Factor Analysis,DFA).结果表明:即使感官评价差别不大的不同厂家生产的同一香精之间,也存在着明显的差异:其中4号香精样品的耐高温性及留香性都较好,适合应用于高温火腿肠中.     

A multistep approach to classify full canopy and leafless trees in bottomland hardwoods using very high-resolution imagery

The distribution of leafless and full-canopy trees in fall is essential in understanding the phenological and morphological characteristics of forests and those are critical baseline information for several scientific questions and management scenarios. The rapid progress of very high-resolution satellite-borne sensors provides a feasible solution to fast and accurately map tree coverage during the growing season. However, less attention has been paid to the leaf-off seasons. One biggest challenge with classification on fall imagery is the potential confusion among different land features, as evidenced by the no significant difference between bare land and leafless trees from t-test and transformed divergence (TD) analysis results. We proposed an integrative approach to classifying leafless and full-canopy trees on fall imagery of 0.46-m WorldView-2 (WV-2). We adopted a two-step classification approach by first removing the non-forest area from the WV-2 imagery with the mask layer generated from the publicly available summer imagery of 1-m National Agriculture Imagery Program imagery via object-based image analysis. Two classification methods, namely decision tree (DT) and nearest neighborhood (NN), were employed to classify full canopy and leafless trees in the masked WV-2 imagery. DT performed slightly better than NN regarding higher overall accuracy and fewer feature requirements.     

高掺量粉煤灰和矿渣高强混凝土抗渗性和抗冻性试验

采用粉煤灰和矿渣2种掺合料的40%和50%2种质量比例掺量,制备了高掺合料C50高强混凝土,并利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射技术分析了高比例掺合料对高强混凝土强度的影响,最后通过抗氯离子渗透试验和快速冻融试验综合分析了高掺合料C50高强混凝土的耐久性。结果表明:当复掺掺合料总质量占胶凝材料总质量的50%时,随着粉煤灰与矿渣掺入量比值的减小混凝土养护28 d强度有所增加;在掺合料总质量不变的情况下,混凝土的抗冻性和抗氯离子渗透性能均随着粉煤灰掺入量的增加和矿渣掺入量的减小而逐渐提升,但掺合料总质量的增加会降低抗氯离子渗透性能;采用抗冻耐久性指数与电通量的比值法可较好的综合评价高掺合料高强混凝土的耐久性,耐久性较好的适宜配合比为掺合料总量50%,粉煤灰与矿渣掺量比为4:1。研究可为高掺量粉煤灰和矿渣在高强混凝土中的应用提供依据,同时达到提高高强混凝土的经济性和节约资源的目的。     

微生物肥料宁盾对白蜡树促生防病效果初探

白蜡树是良好园林树种,其经济用途为生产白蜡,为促进微生物肥料在白蜡树生长方面的作用,通过对白蜡树施用微生物肥料宁盾的效果分析,研究宁盾对白蜡树促生防病的影响。结果表明:微生物肥料宁盾可以显著促进白蜡树的生长,使之存活率提高20%,茎粗和叶绿素含量也明显提高,并可有效改善其土壤生长环境,显著提高土壤中可利用的氮磷钾,对三者的提升分别达到61.91%、358.97%、272.43%;从而增强土壤肥力,促进作物生长,提高作物产量。发展前景和改进方面作出一定预估。     

油菜秸秆灰分混凝土与钢筋粘结性能的研究

用油菜秸秆灰分等量替代5%、10%、15%的水泥,分别制作强度为C20、C30、C40的秸秆灰分混凝土试件,测试混凝土的粘结强度,考察月牙纹钢筋与油菜秸秆灰分混凝土的粘结性能。结果表明,油菜秸秆灰分掺量为5%时,3个强度下的油菜秸秆灰分混凝土与月牙纹钢筋的粘结强度分别为19.06、19.90、20.08 MPa,与普通混凝土相当,油菜秸秆灰分掺量10%和15%的混凝土与月牙纹钢筋粘结性能较普通混凝土减弱。改变5%掺量油菜秸秆灰分混凝土植入钢筋的类型与月牙纹钢筋直径,月牙纹钢筋与油菜秸秆灰分混凝土的粘结强度是光圆钢筋的2.55倍;月牙纹钢筋直径从12 mm增至16、20 mm,粘结强度分别下降了6%与25%,油菜秸秆灰分混凝土粘结性能随着月牙纹钢筋直径增加而减弱。     

镉污染土在水泥-粉煤灰-石灰共同作用下固化效果及孔隙特征

基于固化稳定法(S/S)在重金属污染场地处理方面的技术和研究,将硝酸镉(Cd~(2+))掺入土体模拟污染土,根据正交试验设计掺入不同含量水泥、粉煤灰、石灰组成的固化剂,压实成型后分别养护7、28、60、90 d,通过测定无侧限抗压强度、淋滤浸出重金属浓度和固化孔隙范围比例,探讨不同镉离子浓度、固化掺量配比和养护龄期对其影响。试验结果表明:随着固化剂掺量和养护龄期的增加,其无侧限抗压强度显著增强,重金属浸出率降低,趋于稳定;水泥对无侧限抗压强度影响显著性最大,水泥-粉煤灰-石灰掺量为8%-6%-6%时对抗压强度较为有利;28 d固化土其孔径主要分布于0.01~1μm,结构致密;10μm以上孔隙比例增加,导致强度降低,淋滤浸出浓度偏高,不利于固化水化产物填充。     

刈割后氮肥施用对饲料油菜地上部产量及品质的影响

为进一步在湖北地区冬闲田推广饲料油菜(Brassica campestris)的种植,以饲料油菜1315为试验材料,在湖北省冬闲田研究刈割后氮肥施用对饲料油菜地上部产量及品质的影响。结果表明,第1次刈割后,施用氮肥能显著增加饲料油菜地上部产量(P0.05),与不施氮肥处理(N_0)相比,施用17.25kg·hm~(-2)(N_1)和34.5kg·hm~(-2)(N_2)饲料油菜干草产量分别增加了50.0%和75.0%,粗灰分产量分别提高了45.7%和53.2%,粗纤维产量分别提高了50.7%和90.4%,粗蛋白产量分别提高了84.5%和159.3%,粗脂肪产量分别提高了53.9%和83.8%,可溶性糖产量分别提高了64.7%和68.5%,提升了饲料油菜的生产水平。综合考虑,在湖北地区冬闲田种植饲料油菜,为了提高油菜产量和品质,建议在第1次刈割后追施30kg·hm~(-2)。     

Chromic oxide and acid‐insoluble ash as markers in digestibility studies with growing pigs and sows

The results of three experiments, focused on the determination of endogenous ileal flow (EIF) of amino acids (AA) and nitrogen (N) (Exp. 1), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and N (Exp. 2), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), N, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) (Exps. 2 and 3), were used to compare chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) and acid‐insoluble ash (AIA) as digestibility markers. In Exps. 1 and 2, a total of six gilts fitted with T‐cannula in terminal ileum, and in Exp. 3, a total of 24 pregnant sows were used. In Exps. 1 and 2, the pigs were assigned into four dietary treatments according to 4 × 6 crossover design (Exp. 1; diets with 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% of casein; Exp. 2 basal diet with different levels of phytase). In Exp. 3, the sows were assigned to four dietary treatments (basal diet with different levels of phytase) of six sows. In Exps. 1 and 2 ileal digesta and in Exps. 2 and 3 faeces were collected for the determination of EIF, AID and ATTD. Differences in EIF of AA determined by Cr₂O₃ and AIA ranged (p ? 0.05) from ?4.62 to 4.54%. The lowest EIF was for methionine and the greatest one for proline, determined by both markers. Apparent ileal digestibility determined by Cr₂O₃ was slightly greater (p ? 0.05) in comparison with AIA. Differences ranged from 1.88% (Arg) to 7.08% (Gly). The greatest AID was for arginine and the lowest one for glycine, determined by both Cr₂O₃ and AIA. Similarly for ATTD of DM, OM, N, Ca and P, there were no differences in digestibility determined by Cr₂O₃ and AIA. Both, Cr₂O₃ and AIA, are suitable and comparable markers for digestibility studies in pigs.