Effects of lime and ash treatments on ectomycorrhizal infection of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings planted in a pine forest

A pine forest in the south of Sweden was treated with lime and wood ash. In early June, 12 months after the ash treatment and 18 months after the lime treatment, one year old Pinus syhestris L. seedlings were planted. Four months later six différent ectomycorrhizal types had infected the seedlings in all the treatments. A mycorrhizal type designated “pink”; was more than twice as common in the lime treatments as in the control and ash treatments. Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjorts. was significantly more abundant in limed soil than in ash treated soil. The results were compared to those from a bioassy performed in the laboratory, where P. syhestris seedlings had been grown in soil from the same forest. Similar soil pH values in the two studies resulted in different relative infection rates of the mycorrhizal types found. One additional mycorrhizal type, designated “white”; was found in the field experiment. This suggests that mycelial connections to the mature host plants may significantly alter the ability of different fungi to colonize host plant roots in competition with each other compared to when the fungi infect from propagules in the soil.     

路面基层中粉煤灰SO3含量超标的危害及防治对策

石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石基层松散从而导致沥青路面结构开裂、起拱,经分析是由于基层中粉煤灰原材料SO3含量偏高,遇水后产生化学反应造成结构体积膨胀,最终导致基层和面层整体破坏。本文进一步分析粉煤灰原材料SO3含量偏高的原因,进而提出石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石结构原材料及施工过程的质量控制措施。     

Agricultural residues in panel production – Impact of silica particle content and morphology on tool wear

Abstract

Considering ongoing global deforestation and the increased demand for raw materials in all wood-processing sectors it is necessary to seek and employ alternative resources. Agricultural residues are potential sources of alternative lignocellulose-based raw materials. Research on substitute materials for wood panel production mainly focused on physical and mechanical properties of boards while much remains to be learned about machining. Therefore, studies were carried out to analyse the relationship between ash and silica content and their impact on tool wear. Ash and silica contents of agricultural residues were determined following ISO 3340. Particle morphology and elemental composition of selected materials were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Tool wear tests were carried out using particleboards made from wheat straw, canola straw and spruce. Analyses of various plant materials displayed no correlation between ash and silica content. Bio-mineralised silica structures in wheat and canola were different compared to coarse silica found in wood-based particleboard. Tool wear caused by these agricultural residues was just moderately increased compared to wood, despite the fact that their silica contents were many times higher. Furthermore, the impact of abrasive substances on wear behaviour was influenced by the density of the panels.     

Simultaneous resistance to two or more broad-spectrum anthelmintics by gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep and goats

The detection, by means of faecal egg count reduction tests and larval cultures, of two cases of multiple anthelmintic resistance in goats and two in sheep, is reported. The former cases appeared to involve resistance to all three broad-spectrum drench groups (benzimidazole, levamisole, ivermectin) by mainly Ostertugia spp., the latter resistance to two of them (benzimidazole, levamisole) bv Trichostrondus spp. (New Zealand Veterinary Journal 38, 114–117, 1990)     

粉煤灰场复垦地肥力状况及对土壤理化性质的影响

选择安徽省淮南市上窑镇粉煤灰处置场覆土复垦地为研究区域,测定覆土厚度和土壤剖面各层的容重、pH、含水量、有机质等理化性质,土壤总氮、有效磷、速效钾等养分含量,以及冬小麦抽穗期的生物量,研究粉煤灰处置场复垦土壤理化性质及其与土壤养分的相关性,不同覆土厚度复垦地冬小麦生长的差异性.结果表明,粉煤灰场复垦地土壤总氮含量约0.90 g/kg,有效磷和速效钾含量分别为12～76 mg/kg、114～135 mg/kg,土壤肥力与作物生长状况和自然农业土壤相比差异不显著;除复垦土壤厚度、容重、含水量对有效磷含量影响显著外,其余土壤养分与土壤理化性质和表土厚度的相关性不强.     

粉煤灰中有价元素的回收利用研究

分析了粉煤灰的理化性质及危害,比较了国内外处理粉煤灰的不同方法,对以粉煤灰为原料回收铝、硅、铁等有价元素的原理及工艺进行了综述,并评述了粉煤灰综合利用的前景.     

负载TiO2/WO3粉煤灰分子筛表征及对水中高浓度活性红X-3b光催化性能

用水热合成法将热电固废粉煤灰制备成分子筛F,将其作为材料基板,用浸渍法分别负载TiO_2/WO_3,制成粉煤灰分子筛光催化剂Ti/F、W/F、W&Ti/F。通过SEM-EDS、XRD和BET对4种材料作表征,研究催化剂光催化去除水中高浓度活性红X-3b效果及反应动力学特性。结果表明,F中含Ti不含W,Ti主要以金红石型TiO_2单晶存在。与F相比,Ti/F新增TiO_2晶型为钛锐型TiO_2,Ti以锐钛型和金红石型混晶存在;F负载WO_3改变表面结构,平均孔径增加,活性红吸附率增加,W取代F中金红石型Ti明显降低Ti含量;W&Ti/F的Ti、W双负载(0.5:0.5)使Ti和W负载量分别高于Ti/F和W/F,但锐钛型和金红石型混晶TiO_2量明显低于Ti/F,光催化活性低于Ti/F。Ti/F、W/F、W&Ti/F、F均对水中高浓度活性红X-3b具有光催化活性。催化活性成分主要为锐钛型和金红石型TiO_2。Ti/F光催化效果最好;在最优条件下,紫外光照630 min,2 000 mg·L~(-1)活性红X-3b去除率为95.74%;其次为F,93.83%;W&Ti/F和W/F去除率分别为87.78%和87.60%。光催化反应20℃下符合一级动力学反应,40℃下符合二级动力学反应。Ti/F和F分子筛对2 000 mg·L~(-1)活性红X-3b具有高光催化活性,使光催化处理活性红X-3b浓度范围显著提高。     

Fungal colonization patterns in necrotic rootstocks and stem bases of dieback‐affected Fraxinus excelsior L.

European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees currently face the major threat of ash dieback caused by an invasive fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Collar rots in F. excelsior have been increasingly associated with infections by this pathogen. However, the aetiology of the collar rots is still unclear and remains heavily debated. In contrast to most studies of this kind, entire rootstocks of four diseased ash trees were dug out to examine necrotic tissues in these rootstocks and stem bases in detail and to sample necrotic wood for fungal isolation. With the aid of morphological and molecular identification techniques, five to twelve fungal taxa were detected per tree. Members of the Nectriaceae family and Botryosphaeria stevensii, the causal agent of stem and branch cankers on many tree species, were frequently isolated from outer xylem. In contrast, H. fraxineus was the dominating species in interior wood layers. Microsatellite genotyping of 77 H. fraxineus isolates helped to identify up to six different genotypes per tree. The role of H. fraxineus and other isolated fungi in the aetiology of ash collar rots are discussed.     

Pathogenicity of fungi associated with ash dieback symptoms of one‐year‐old Fraxinus excelsior in Montenegro

In addition to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, two fungi identified as Diaporthe eres aff. and Fusarium sambucinum aff. were also isolated from necrotic bark lesions on declining one‐year‐old Fraxinus excelsior in a forest stand in Montenegro. To examine their involvement in ash decline, a pathogenicity test was performed using under bark inoculations on one‐year‐old Fraxinus excelsior. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus was included as comparison. All three fungal species proved highly pathogenic towards one‐year‐old seedlings although lesion sizes differed significantly between the different species. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus was most aggressive, followed by F. sambucinum aff., while D. eres aff. caused the smallest lesions. This study demonstrates for the first time the ability of isolates in the D. eres and F. sambucinum species complexes to cause decline on one‐year‐old common ash seedlings.     

粉煤灰条形柱在水土保持坡改梯工程中的推广应用

通过对粉煤灰条形柱的特点分析,探讨粉煤灰条形柱在坡改梯工程中的应用.认为粉煤灰条形柱的应用缓解了大竹县条石紧缺矛盾,减少了对环境的污染,提高坡改梯埂坎的安砌质量和科技含量,减少劳动强度,降低工程造价,减少水土流失,美化周边环境,应扩大粉煤灰条形柱的应用范围.