Heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination of selected aquatic sediments from the Berlin area

Sediments from the Berlin area were analysed for heavy metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons. the sedimentological and hydrogeological aspects of the Holocene sediments are discussed and an adapted sampling device for muds with a high water content is described. the contamination of surface sediments and dated cores is shown back in the 19th century; the hydrological influences on the degree of contamination and potential threats to groundwater and, via remobilisation, to surface waters are considered. It is concluded that the sediments of the Berlin area are highly contaminated.     

土著B[a]P降解菌群的富集及最佳降解条件研究

为了获得能够降解苯并[a]芘(BaP)的微生物菌群,为生物修复多环芳烃污染的土壤提供菌种资源,本试验从长期石油污染的土壤中,富集了一个能够降解BaP的微生物菌群,并研究了其最佳降解条件,通过高通量测序研究了其群落结构。该菌群可以在15 d内将30 mg·L^-1的BaP降解33.34%。高通量测序的结果表明,该菌群主要由Bacillus、Zobellella、Gordonia和Rheinheimera组成,其中Bacillus是主要的降解菌。试验结果表明,该菌群的最佳降解条件为1%盐度,酵母浓度为80 mg·L^-1,pH值7.0。该菌群对芘、菲、荧蒽等多环芳烃也有一定的降解效果,其中荧蒽的降解效果最好,降解率达到99%。试验结果表明,该菌群在实际应用中具有很大的潜力。     

几种丛枝菌根真菌对菲污染土壤中球囊霉素含量的影响

以菲为多环芳烃(PAHs)的代表,选用密色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora scrobculata,A.s)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,G.m)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,G.i)、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,G.e)和缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum,G.c),宿主植物为紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.),研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对菲污染土壤中球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP,以下简称球囊霉素)含量的影响。供试时间(30~90 d)内,5种AMF均能对宿主植物根良好侵染,与紫花苜蓿建立共生关系,促进菲污染土壤中植物茎叶部和根部的生长;紫花苜蓿对5种AMF的菌根依赖性为108%~249%;接种AMF提高了土壤中GRSP的含量。90 d后接种G.i、G.e、G.m、G.c和A.s处理的土壤中总球囊霉素(T-GRSP)和易提取球囊霉素(EE-GRSP)含量分别达2.90~4.61、0.87~1.33 mg·g-1,比不接种对照组(CK)分别高26.1%~100.0%和10.1%~68.4%;随着培养时间(30~90 d)延长,接种G.i的处理土壤中T-GRSP和EE-GRSP含量显著增大。接种同一AMF菌种(G.i)处理的土壤中T-GRSP和EE-GRSP含量与菲残留量间呈极显著负相关。     

土壤样品中多环芳烃分析方法研究进展

概述了国内外土壤样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)测定方法的研究状况,其中提取方法包括加速溶剂萃取方法、固相微萃取方法、超临界流体萃取方法、亚临界水萃取方法和流化床提取方法等,测定方法有HPLC法、GC法和免疫分析法等。重点介绍了PAHs的提取过程,同时总结了各种方法的优缺点。     

环芳烃芘对拟南芥的生物毒性效应

[目的]研究多环芳烃（PAHs）对植物生理生化的影响。[方法]以模式植物拟南芥为试验材料,研究4环PAHs芘胁迫对拟南芥生长的影响及抗氧化酶活性及叶片超微结构的变化。[结果]芘胁迫下拟南芥根长呈现低浓度促进生长、高浓度受抑制的现象,叶片香毛簇随着芘浓度的增加发生畸变。0.25mmol/L的芘胁迫28d后,叶绿素含量显著降低,拟南芥的光合作用过程受到抑制。随胁迫浓度的升高,拟南芥叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的活性显著增强;过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性先上升后下降,不同浓度芘胁迫下,拟南芥叶片中过氧化氢的平均含量都高于对照。在亚细胞水平上的观察也证实芘处理的拟南芥叶片中叶绿体的数量相对减少,出现肿胀现象,叶肉细胞受到严重损伤,光合作用受阻。[结论]该研究可为PAHs对植物的致毒机理以及PAHs污染土壤的植物修复材料筛选提供一些参考。     

Determining tolerance limits for restoration and phytoremediation with Spartina patens in crude oil-contaminated sediment in greenhouse

Oil spills may detrimentally damage sensitive coastal habitats, such as coastal wetlands. Successful restoration of oiled habitats primarily depends on the tolerance of vegetation transplants to oil. In this study, tolerance limits of the dominant coastal brackish marsh plant Spartina patens to South Louisiana crude (SLC) oil and its phytoremediation effectiveness on petroleum hydrocarbons in wetland sediments were investigated in the greenhouse environment. Spartina patens was transplanted into brackish marsh sediments contaminated with SLC oil at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 800 mg SLC oil g^?1 dry sediment. High oil concentrations adversely affected plant stem density, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass even one year after transplantation. At the 320 mg g^?1 oil dosage, plant belowground biomass was significantly lower than the control although aboveground variables were not significantly different from the control. All plant parameters mentioned above at the 640 mg g^?1 oil dosage were less than 50% of the control. Spartina patens did not survive the 800 mg g^?1 oil dosage. The tolerance limit of S. patens to SLC was estimated about 320 mg oil g^?1 dry sediment. In addition, S. patens transplants enhanced oil degradation in the sediment; concentrations of residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the sediments vegetated by S. patens were significantly lower than those of un-vegetated sediments for both the surface and subsurface sediment at the 40 and 160 mg g^?1 SLC oil dosages. Decreases in the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) further demonstrated the capacity of S. patens to phytoremediate residual oil; residual total targeted PAHs in the phytoremediation treatment were less than 20% of the un-vegetated treatment at the 40 mg g^?1 oil dosage. These results demonstrated the potential of phytoremediation with S. patens to simultaneously restore and remediate petroleum-contaminated coastal marsh habitats.     

北京东南郊再生水灌区土壤PAHs污染特征

采用Eijkelkamp土壤采样器对北京东南郊再生水灌区进行了3个钻孔剖面采样,同时采集了灌溉用水及地下水样品,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析。结果表明,表层土壤中有14种PAHs检出,浓度在0.4～53.1μg·kg-1之间,∑PAHs平均含量为206.7μg·kg-1,达到了土壤污染临界值;表层以下PAHs的检出种类和含量显著减少,以中、低环的萘、菲、芴、荧蒽、芘为主,∑PAHs仅占表层的3.8%～12.0%,从剖面PAHs含量变化可以判断,低环PAHs较易迁移,迁移性强弱顺序为萘、芴>菲>芘、荧蒽;污灌区表土中PAHs组成与大气降尘接近,但与再生灌区有明显差异,这种差异主要由于灌溉用水不同所造成;再生水灌区表土以下土壤剖面检出的PAHs与再生水中的PAHs一致,说明再生水灌溉是导致土壤剖面PAHs污染的主要原因,同时地下水中检出的PAHs种类也与土壤剖面基本一致,但含量较高,可能是早期污水灌溉所造成。     

珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中多环芳烃及其生态风险评价

为了研究珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征、来源及评价PAHs对海洋生物的生态风险,于2010年6月采集珠江口伶仃洋水域20个站位的表层沉积物,采用GC-MS分析方法对沉积物中的16种PAHs含量进行分析测定。研究结果表明:珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中16种多环芳烃总含量范围是143.90~522.67 ng/g,平均含量287.05 ng/g,与国内外发达地区相比,该水域沉积物中PAHs污染处于中等水平。本实验采用目前较为常用的比值法(如荧蒽/芘、芘/苯并(a)芘)对调查区域沉积物中的PAHs来源进行分析研究,结果表明,大部分站位沉积物中的PAHs可能主要来源于石油污染,仅一小部分站位PAHs来源于煤等化石燃料的燃烧。利用效应区间低中值法评价珠江口伶仃洋水域沉积物中PAHs的生态风险,结果表明,在所设的20个站位中,有3个站位处的沉积物中的苊和芴对生物可能具有一定的生态风险,而其他站位沉积物中所有PAHs的含量均未达到生态风险评价标准,可以确定该水域沉积物中PAHs对生物具有潜在生态风险的可能性很小;有9个站位处的沉积物中的茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘对生物可能存在生态风险;利用平均效应中值商法评价PAHs对珠江口伶仃洋水域的生态风险,认为所有站位处PAHs对生物体的潜在的综合生态风险的可能性较小。     

植物–微生物联合对土壤不同粒径组分中 PAHs 的修复作用

采用温室盆栽试验,在种植紫花苜蓿的同时,分别施加木霉菌剂、根瘤菌菌剂以及木霉与根瘤菌复合菌剂,并采用离心分级法将处理后土壤分为4个粒径团聚体,即细黏粒(0.1~1μm)、粗黏粒(1~5μm)、粉粒(5~50μm)以及细砂粒(50~250μm),分析了植物–微生物联合作用对不同粒径土壤中PAHs的去除效应。研究结果表明:紫花苜蓿–根瘤菌联合作用对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果最优,其降解率达60%以上。不同粒径组分中PAHs含量的分布表现为细砂粒粉粒粗黏粒细黏粒,且PAHs在不同粒径团聚体中去除率差异性较大。低环(2、3环)PAHs在各粒径组分中去除率较低(20%以下),并在不同粒径组分间呈非均衡分配状态;4环PAHs的去除主要集中在粉粒和细砂粒中,而5环PAHs的去除主要发生在细黏粒上。可见,PAHs在土壤不同粒径组分中分布特征及降解效应为进一步阐明PAHs污染土壤的生物修复机制提供了科学依据。     

Cuticular hydrocarbons in two parapatric species of ants and their hybrid

Discrimination between nestmates and non‐nestmates in social insects is thought to rely on the pattern of cuticular hydrocarbons. We investigated the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of 2 parapatric sibling ant species, Temnothorax nylanderi (Förster, 1850) and Temnothorax crassispinus (Karavaiev, 1926), and their hybrid. We found that although the profiles show considerable similarities, a discriminant analysis based on the relative peak areas of cuticular hydrocarbons separates the 3 taxa. The profiles of hybrids were not consistently intermediate between those of the paternal species, suggesting either non‐additive interactions among the parental biosynthetic pathways or systematic differences in environment‐derived odor cues.