刈割次数对林下黑麦草产量与品质的影响

林下种草养禽是一种复合型生态农业模式,为了优化林下牧草的刈割方式,获得较高产量的优质牧草。以林下黑麦草为试验材料,设置不同刈割次数处理(1、2、3、4、5次),比较不同刈割次数对其生长性状、干物质累积、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:刈割4次处理,林下黑麦草鲜草和干草产量最高,分别为86.53 t/hm~2和11.83 t/hm~2,刈割5次处理,鲜草和干草产量分别下降10.27%和7.79%。随着刈割次数的增加,林下黑麦草粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分等营养成分含量有上升趋势,粗纤维含量有下降趋势。另外,各处理以第2茬和第3茬黑麦草干草产量和品质较高。与非林下黑麦草比较,林下黑麦草产量和品质稍有下降。本试验条件下,林下黑麦草刈割4次可兼顾高产与优质,并且适当延长第2茬和第3茬生长时间,有利于产量和品质提高。     

Diesel and glyphosate price changes benefit the economics of conservation tillage versus traditional tillage

Recent increases in diesel price and decreases in glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] price should favor the profitability and farmer acceptance of herbicide-intensive conservation tillage systems versus fuel-intensive traditional tillage (TT) systems. Profitability results from a long-term field experiment that compared TT, minimum tillage (MT), and delayed minimum tillage (DMT) systems for winter wheat–(Triticum aestivum L.)summer fallow in eastern Washington, USA were calculated using both 1998 and 2005 input prices. Net returns for the MT and DMT systems increased by US$ 6.37 and 6.30 (rotational ha)⁻¹, respectively, and net returns to the TT system decreased by US$ 2.36 (rotational ha)⁻¹ when 2005 versus 1998 prices were used. Here, rotational ha equals 0.5 ha fallow and 0.5 ha wheat. Focusing on the dominant crop of soft white winter wheat (SWWW), the 2005 price hikes pushed diesel costs up for all systems, from US$ 6.81 (rotational ha)⁻¹ for DMT to US$ 9.00 (rotational ha)⁻¹ for TT. The cost of diesel for the conservation tillage systems, relative to the cost for TT, decreased by US$ 1.50–2.20 (rotational ha)⁻¹. The conservation tillage systems accrue greater savings from the price reduction in glyphosate because they consume more of this herbicide. An unanticipated result was that relative cost savings from price changes in N fertilizer rivaled those from diesel and glyphosate because anhydrous NH₃–N was exclusively used in the experiment for TT and aqueous NH₃–N for MT and DMT. The price of anhydrous NH₃–N increased from US$ 0.55 kg⁻¹ in 1998 to 0.85 kg⁻¹ in 2005, a 56% increase. Aqueous NH₃–N only increased from $0.75 kg⁻¹ in 1998 to 0.85 kg⁻¹ in 2005, a 15% increase. The greater price increase for anhydrous NH₃–N penalized the TT system because of its use of this fertilizer. If the same source of N fertilizer were used on all three tillage systems, this fertilizer cost effect would disappear. Nonetheless, the conservation tillage systems still retained a statistically significant profitability advantage over TT even if the same fertilizer was used throughout. The sharp price increase for diesel and the concurrent price decrease for glyphosate herbicide favored the conservation tillage systems over TT in this study. Results provide strong evidence for the superior profitability of conservation tillage winter wheat–summer fallow under current economic conditions.     

天水旱作农业区膜侧小麦不同施肥水平增产效应分析

通过不同施肥条件对膜侧小麦水分利用、农艺性状、增产效应、经济效益等方面分析,研究干旱地区膜侧小麦的施肥问题。结果表明:施肥可以提高水分利用率1.1~3.1 kg/(mm.hm2),促进小麦生长发育;不同施肥水平对小麦的增产效应不同:低肥、中肥、高肥3种施肥水平分别比不施肥的对照增产731.5 kg/hm2,1461.0kg/hm2和1 648.5 kg/hm2,增产率分别为25.5%、50.9%和57.4%;经济效益以中肥水平(折合施纯N118.1kg/hm2,P2O594.5 kg/hm2和K2O 60.0 kg/hm2)最高,产值可达2 045.4元/hm2,产投比为2.7∶1。因此,在低、中、高3个施肥水平中,中等施肥最为有效、合理,有利于增产增收。     

杉木人工林木材密度及干缩性变异规律

应用正交试验设计方法，系统分析了不同林龄、不同立地条件和不同林分密度下杉木人工林木材密度和干缩性的变异规律。结果表明：影响杉木人工林木材密度和干缩性的主导因子是林龄，其次是立地条件，林分密度影响最小。     

廊坊温室春茬番茄生长与温度的关系及室温调控措施*

以番茄“MEISHUAI”品种为试验材料,研究了河北省廊坊市春茬番茄温室内气温的影响因素、番茄生长与气温的关系及温室管理措施。结果表明：温室内日平均气温与温室内日平均10cm土壤温度、日平均光合有效辐射及温室外日平均气温均存在极显著相关关系,相关系数分别0.693、0.432和0.759;番茄的茎粗、株高和果实橫纵径的生长量与积温成显著或极显著正相关;针对温室内温度过高的问题,提出了具体的室外气温调控指标和调控措施。     

侧柏茎段培养快速繁殖技术研究和黄帝手植柏克隆

以3个不同年龄段的侧柏茎段为外植体,探讨基本培养基、植物生长调节剂、大量元素对侧柏茎段培养快繁的影响,研究侧柏茎段培养快速繁殖技术,并分析年龄对培养各阶段的影响,进而建立了黄帝手植柏克隆繁殖技术体系。结果表明,在试验范围内,各年龄段的侧柏茎段消毒效果均随消毒时间延长而提升,黄帝手植柏最佳升汞消毒时间为8 min;各年龄段的侧柏外植体在不同培养基上启动率均大于90%,选择MS+0.1 mg·L^-1 NAA+0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA作为黄帝手植柏适宜启动培养基,启动率可达100%;50 a侧柏适宜在较高激素浓度的增殖培养基上培养,800、3 000 a侧柏适宜在中等激素水平的培养基上培养,黄帝手植柏适宜增殖培养基为MS+0.1 mg·L^-1 NAA+0.2 mg·L^-1 6-BA,30 d增殖系数为2.52;随着侧柏年龄增大,茎段生根更加困难,800、3 000 a侧柏在培养基MS+0.1 mg·L^-1 IBA+0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L^-1 NAA上有较好的生根效果,黄帝手植柏适宜生根培养基为MS+0.1 mg·L^-1 IBA+0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L^-1 NAA。本研究初步建立了黄帝手植柏茎段培养技术体系,为黄帝手植柏的克隆和种质资源保存奠定了技术基础。     

Fuelwood Resources and Forest Regeneration on Fallow Land in Uganda

Abstract

East African forests have been largely converted to agriculture. The remaining forests hold many endangered species but are threatened by the heavy local demand for fuelwood. Here we evaluate fallow land in western Uganda as an alternate fuel source to diverse forests. We quantify the regeneration process on fallows, calculate tree bio-mass increases, and measure grass and woody herb biomass over 44 months. The biomass values we measured were typical or slightly below the average from 11 studies elsewhere in the tropics. Variation in biomass between our neighboring study sites exceeded that between sites on different continents, indicating the sensitivity of vegetation regeneration to local land use. Tree regeneration was extremely slow (0.46 g/m²/year); however, the woody herbs and grasses on a 4 year old fallow of ～0.5 ha can provide much of a family's domestic fuel. Fallow land is generally abundant in western Uganda and can partially alleviate pressure on forests for domestic fuels. Fallows cannot however provide the trees demanded by charcoal, brick, and gin manufacturers. In the future, conserving forests while meeting fuelwood demands will require improving local land tenure security, enhancing the productivity of cultivated and abandoned land, promoting more efficient stoves, stills and kilns, and curtailing illicit, inefficient charcoal manufacture.     

轮作休耕对我国粮食安全的影响及对策

为保障耕地休养生息和农业可持续发展,我国在六大区域内的地下水漏斗区、重金属污染区、生态严重退化区开展耕地轮作休耕制度试点工作。轮作休耕作为一种合理的耕地利用方式,对我国耕地的利用质量和粮食安全将产生深远影响。本文通过分析轮作休耕对我国粮食总产量、质量、供给结构、农民复耕与转移就业等作用机理,探讨其对我国粮食安全的影响。研究认为轮作休耕短期内对我国粮食总产量影响不大,但对粮食质量的提高、粮食供给结构的调整、耕地复耕和农业劳动力转移就业会产生较大影响。因此,提出明确轮作休耕的规模和试点区域;建立轮作休耕与粮食安全结合的宏观调节机制;实施新型职业农民培训工程;轮作休耕需与耕地流转有效结合,实现土地规模化经营;加大轮作休耕土地生态恢复和综合治理技术的研发与推广等对策建议。     

海南岛冬种豇豆发生为害的斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂种类

斑潜蝇类是海南岛豇豆Vigna sesquipedalis的常见害虫,寄生蜂是其重要的自然天敌。为更好地保护利用天敌资源,充分发挥其在斑潜蝇绿色防控中的效能,笔者对海南省海口、琼海、儋州和三亚4个市县为害冬种豇豆的斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂的种类、寄生情况进行了田间调查。调查结果表明:为害海南岛冬种豇豆的斑潜蝇为三叶斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii(Burgess)和美洲斑潜蝇L.sativae Blanchard,两者的相对丰盛度分别为79.5%和20.5%;两种斑潜蝇混合发生,优势种群则因地而异:在海口和三亚是三叶斑潜蝇,在琼海和儋州则为美洲斑潜蝇;两种斑潜蝇的寄生蜂有5种,其中属茧蜂科的有甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂Opius dimidiatus(Ashmead),属姬小蜂科的有底比斯釉姬小蜂Chrysocharis pentheus(Walker)、异角亨姬小蜂Hemiptarsenus varicornis(Girault)、芙新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa(Westwood)和点腹青背姬小蜂N.punctiventris(Crawford),甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂和异角亨姬小蜂的相对丰盛度分别为51.8%和29.2%,是其中的优势种;寄生蜂对斑潜蝇的寄生率也因地而异,从高到低依次为:琼海51.4%、三亚45.4%、儋州17.0%、海口10.5%。海南岛冬种豇豆上斑潜蝇寄生蜂种类资源丰富、自然寄生率高,对寄生蜂应加以保护利用,充分发挥其控制斑潜蝇的效能。     

陕北半干旱风沙区人工纯林土壤性质极化研究

在人工或天然纯林内,由于树种生物生态学特性的单一性、对物质吸收利用的选择性和对环境效应的特殊性,土壤性质呈现偏离原平衡态、并朝某个方向非平衡或极端化发展的现象被作者称为极化。充分认识和了解土壤极化的方向和程度对维持森林可持续发展和防止土壤退化具有非常重要的意义。作者根据土壤极化的概念,提出了抗极化域（W）、抗极化度（R）、极化度（P）和极抗比（I）等土壤极化的表征指标,并采用多样地多样点混合采土法,对陕北半干旱风沙区进入成熟生长期的不同树种纯林和混交林土壤性质进行了广泛测定和极化分析,结果表明:①不同树种林地属于强度以上极化（｜P｜＞0.15）的土壤性质分别为:油松林地的生物学性质;小叶杨林地的微量元素和化学性质;刺槐、旱柳和柠条林地的生物学、化学性质;沙棘林地的微量元素和生物学性质;紫穗槐林地的化学、生物学性质和微量元素。②除了油松纯林会引起土壤的严重贫养化外,刺槐纯林会引起土壤的富养化,柠条和旱柳纯林会引起土壤的富养化和生物学性质改善,小叶杨、沙棘和紫穗槐纯林会引起土壤的严重富养化和微量元素富集。③主要树种纯林抗土壤各种性质极化能力大小顺序均为小叶杨＞油松＞刺槐;相对于林木抗极化能力,油松纯林土壤各种性质的绝对综合极抗比均在轻微之下（Ia≤0.40）,小叶杨纯林均属基本稳定（Ia≤0.15）,刺槐纯林土壤的微量元素极化程度严重（Ia=0.61）、生物和化学性质极化程度中等（Ia为0.47～0.54）、物理性质极化程度轻微（Ia=0.40）。