植物生长调节剂对混播牧草产量及生理特征的影响

应用随机区组试验,研究了赤霉酸(GA3) 6-BA、GA3、6-BA及KT对混播牧草产量及若干生理特征的影响。结果表明:植物生长调节剂处理后,苜蓿Medicago sativa和无芒雀麦Bromus inermis的叶绿素含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均明显高于对照(CK),同时也抑制了丙二醛(MDA)的含量升高。在分别测定苜蓿和无芒雀麦干草产量中,各处理与对照之间差异极显著(P<0.01),其中GA3 6-BA与GA3、6-BA、KT这3种处理差异极显著(P<0.01),其干草总产量达到最高(9 004.5 kg/hm2);另外,GA3、6-BA处理都与KT处理结果差异显著(P<0.05)。     

草地早熟禾根际固氮菌的生物效能

利用乙炔还原法、比色法等对草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)根际分离得到的21个固氮菌株进行固氮酶活性、溶磷能力和分泌植物生长素性能的研究测定,在固氮酶活性测定中,21个菌株还原C2H2产生的C2H4在39.9～227.5 nmol·mL-1·h-1,大于100 nmol·mL-1·h-1的有14株,占所分离固氮菌株的67%;菌株的溶磷强度在13.38～58.21 μg·mL-1,其中菌株N4 、N16及N20溶磷能力较强;菌株N2、N4、N5、N10、N14、N16、N17及N20具有较强的分泌植物生长激素的能力。     

樟科、丝兰属植物提取物对仔猪排泄物中氨和硫化氢散发的影响

研究旨在观察比较樟科植物提取物(CFPE)和丝兰植物提取物(YE)对仔猪生长性能、粪尿中氨和硫化氢散发的影响及其机理探讨。选用216头35日龄的杜长大仔猪,按照体重相近、公、母各半的原则分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复24头仔猪。CFPE试验组和YE试验组分别饲喂含350 mg/kg CFPE和125 mg/kg YE的基础日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验期为35 d。结果表明:CFPE和YE均显著影响仔猪平均日增重(ADG)和饲料增重比(F/G()P<0.05),CFPE组ADG高于YE组,F/G低于YE组,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。CFPE和YE对脲酶活性影响极显著(P<0.01),CFPE组脲酶活性低于YE组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);在粪尿排出后6 h时间点,CFPE和YE对尿素氮浓度有显著影响(P<0.05),从12 h时间点开始,影响达到极显著(P<0.01)。CFPE使氨态氮最高浓度出现时间点推迟,7 d时间点,CFPE、YE组的氨态氮浓度均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),CFPE组高于YE组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。除12 h和48 h时间点外,CFPE组、YE组的可溶性硫化物的浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),仔猪粪便发酵第4天和第8天产生的硫化氢平均值均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。结果提示,饲料中添加CFPE和YE可通过减缓尿素氮分解和可溶性硫化物的产生,从而减少氨和硫化氢的散发;CFPE效果优于YE。     

Yield and morphological responses of a forage sorghum to mefluidide

Abstract

Due to rapid growth, stem build‐up in forage sorghum crops often leads to considerable wastage by animals and consequent loss of production. In this study the potential of the chemical plant growth regulator, mefluidide, for modifying the morphology of forage sorghum was examined. Mefluidide was applied to two consecutive plantings of forage sorghum at 0; 0,14 and 0,28 kg/ha. Treatment with mefluidide suppressed stem elongation of sorghum plants and stimulated tillering 4–6 weeks after application. After 6 weeks the stem:leaf ratio of treated plants was significantly lower (P ≤0,05) than that of control plants. On average, total dry matter (DM) yield was marginally higher for the control, but DM yield of leaf material was significantly higher. (P ≤0,05) for treated plots from 6 weeks after mefluidide application. No significant differences were observed between levels of mefluidide but responses of different variables over time differed between plantings. This was associated with different stages of plant growth when mefluidide was applied and different environmental conditions for two plantings.     

Identifying phenological functional types in savanna trees

Savannas are notable for the varied patterns of leaf display in the tree layer. Characterising this variation, and assessing the range of phenological strategies apparent in savanna ecosystems will be helpful for understanding savanna tree life-histories and their response to global change. We recorded leaf phenological metrics on a monthly basis for 28 woody species for one year in a semi-arid savanna at Nylsvley Nature Reserve, South Africa. Using these metrics four plant functional types were described: (1) evergreen species, which retained full canopy throughout the year; (2) semi-evergreen species, which lost a significant amount of canopy during the dry season, but not less than 60%; (3) obligate deciduous species in which the canopy was leafless for about 3 months during the dry season; and (4) rain-stimulated species, in which canopy flushing was driven by rainfall patterns. Of the 28 species, 18% were evergreen, 18% obligate deciduous, 32% semi-evergreen and 32% were rain-stimulated species. These results confirm that phenological strategies are variable in savannas, and highlight that there are numerous cues controlling the timing of leaf out and leaf drop. By defining distinct phenological strategies we can predict which plant functional types will have phenological cues that will be vulnerable to shifting climates.     

烯效唑(S3307)对湖南稷子整株水平Na+、K+选择性和游离脯氨酸分配的影响

采用盆栽试验,观察测定了烯效唑(S3307)对湖南稷子抗盐性及整株水平Na 、K 选择性和游离脯氨酸分配的影响。结果表明,喷施S3307能显著提高湖南稷子根系的Na 、K 选择性吸收能力;由叶鞘向叶片、特别是由根系向叶鞘的选择性运输能力大大提高,因而进入植物体内的Na 减少、K 增多,尤以重要光合器官表现突出。但S3307处理后,湖南稷子重要光合器官中游离脯氨酸含量并未升高。     

增补UV-B辐射对高山植物美丽风毛菊光合作用和光合色素的影响

强太阳紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射是青藏高原的主要环境胁迫因子,以高山植物美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)为材料,在2008和2009年植物生长盛期的7,8月份,采用选择性过滤膜和UV-B荧光灯管组合的方法研究了净光合速率(P_n)、稳态PSⅡ光化学效率、光合色素和紫外线吸收物质对强UV-B辐射的响应,探讨了典型高山植物的UV-B适应特性。结果表明:增补UV-B辐射能引起P_n和气孔导度(G_s)的增加;随处理时间的延长,第11和16天PSⅡ实际量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ)呈下降趋势,说明UV-B辐射对高山植物叶片光合机构仍具有负作用,PSⅡ光化学效率的降低反映了UV-B辐射效应的积累。增补初期光合色素有增加的趋势,但随处理时间的延长最终呈降低趋势,表明UV-B辐射对光合色素的光破坏是本质的,而基于叶片厚度增加导致的光合色素含量升高是一种表象。增补UV-B处理没有引起紫外线吸收物质含量的变化,表明高山植物叶表皮层丰富的黄酮类物质能有效保护光合机构,受环境UV-B辐射波动的影响较少。综上表明:增补UV-B后叶片G_s的增加以及单位叶片面积光合色素增加有利于P_n的提高,但青藏高原强太阳UV-B辐射对高山植物美丽风毛菊的光合生理过程仍具有潜在的负效应。     

四川省毒害植物——紫茎泽兰调查报告

紫茎泽兰是恶性毒害植物,已传入攀枝花市和凉山州两地１４县３区１市,分布面积３７５１６０ｈｍ２,每年以２０～３０ｋｍ的速度向北向东传播。其繁殖能力和侵占性极强,是农、林、牧业生产的大敌,应采取切实可行的方法,发动群众,人人动手,把防除与开发利用结合起来,开展综合防治。     

黄顶菊入侵对不同地区土壤氮循环及微生物量的影响

外来入侵植物对入侵地土壤生态系统的影响日益受到生态学家的关注。本文选取天津静海、河北献县及河北衡水湖3个黄顶菊入侵样地,研究黄顶菊入侵对不同地区土壤养分、酶活性及土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明,与未入侵地土壤(CK)相比,黄顶菊入侵明显地改变了3个地区的土壤理化性质且存在地区差异,静海和献县入侵地全氮升高,衡水湖则下降;静海和衡水湖土壤硝态氮下降,而献县上升,土壤氨氧化潜势的变化趋势与硝态氮的变化趋势一致。土壤氮循环相关酶活性也表现出明显的地区特异性。同时,黄顶菊入侵静海、献县和衡水湖3个地区样地中的微生物量碳分别比CK提高27.05%,57.62%和40.31%;静海和献县入侵地的微生物量氮分别比CK高37.40%,106.48%,差异显著。黄顶菊入侵对土壤氮素养分、氮相关酶活性及微生物量影响的地区差异可能与入侵地被入侵前养分含量有关,表现出使土壤养分状况均一化趋势。对于黄顶菊防控策略的制定要根据各地区情况因地制宜。     

Work-related increases in titer of Campylobacter jejuni antibody among workers at a chicken processing plant in Miyazaki prefecture,Japan, independent of individual ingestion of edible raw chicken meat

Workers in poultry abattoirs may be frequently exposed to Campylobacter jejuni, which is a leading cause of bacterial food poisoning in Japan. The present study was conducted to measure the titers of IgG and IgA antibodies against C. jejuni among 104 female workers in a chicken processing plant in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan. Information regarding habitual ingestion of raw chicken meat and potential occupational risk factors was collected using a questionnaire. Acid extracts of four C. jejuni strains representing the genotypes most dominant in Miyazaki were used as antigens. The levels of both immunoglobulins measured by ELISA were not correlated with ingestion of edible raw chicken meat, the amount consumed in one sitting, or its frequency. Although age was correlated with antibody levels, the length of employment was not. Furthermore, the IgG and IgA levels in workers at the evisceration step were significantly higher than those at other locations in the plant. To identify the bacterial proteins recognized by the workers’ IgG and IgA antibodies, Western blotting followed by LC/MS was conducted. Flagellin was identified as the common protein recognized in the sera of workers for whom ELISA demonstrated both the highest and lowest antibody levels. We concluded that the titers of IgG and IgA against C. jejuni in workers at the processing plant had been increased by occupational exposure to Campylobacter, regardless of raw chicken meat ingestion.