植物碳同位素分馏在水分利用效率研究中的应用

稳定碳同位素测量法不受时间、空间限制,测定过程简便准确,为了消除常规传统测定水分利用效率(WUE)方法中的缺陷,可将稳定碳同位素示踪技术引用于指示作物的WUE中。本研究综述了稳定碳同位素分馏的基本原理,从植物器官组织、气候因子和水分条件分析了稳定碳同位素分馏特征与WUE的关系和在植物抗旱节水育种上的应用。通过分析不同光合型植物稳定碳同位素分馏特征得出,WUE与碳同位素比值(δ¹³C)及碳同位素分辨率(Δ¹³C)具有相关性,植物不同部位器官的δ¹³C值均有差异,降雨量、光照强度和时长以及土壤水分都对植物δ¹³C值和WUE产生显著影响。因此,利用δ¹³C和Δ¹³C这两个稳定碳同位素指标能够更好地指示植物高WUE和抗旱性,可为提高植物WUE和选育抗旱性品种提供理论依据。     

基于人工智能的汽油机瞬态空燃比控制策略研究

介绍并对比了基于神经网络和模糊控制的瞬态空燃比控制方法,二者均不要求控制对象为非常精确的模型。特别在应用的非线性理论建模还不十分完善的情况下。神经网络控制器和模糊控制器的这个优点更为突出。     

玉米大豆间作体系沼液浸种的产量效应分析

利用玉米大豆间作体系与主作物玉米沼液浸种相结合,采用三因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计,进行玉米大豆间作玉米密度、带型配置指数、沼液浸种时间与间作总产量关系的研究.结果表明:玉米密度、带型配置、玉米浸种时间三因子对间作总产量的影响达到极显著水平.沼液浸种时间与玉米密度、沼液浸种时间与带型配置指数;以及玉米密度与带型配置指数间都有一定的互作效应.当玉米密度、带型配置适当,沼液浸种能增加产量,即在玉米大豆间作体系中利用沼液浸种能有效地提高间作总产量.其最佳的实验方案为:玉米密度50 040～52 950株/hm2、带型配置2:4～3:3,玉米沼液浸种时间17.5～25 h时,可更好地发挥玉米大豆间作复合群体的增产效应.     

不同覆盖方式对植烟土壤温度和水分及烤烟品质的影响

不同覆盖方式的比较试验结果表明,秸秆与地膜双覆盖能够协调烤烟生长全过程的土壤温度,并且地温日变化幅度小,蓄水保墒作用显著。秸秆单覆盖对土壤性状改良与秸秆和地膜双覆盖相似,烟叶内在化学成分较协调,品质较高,但由于在烤烟生长前期不能提高土壤温度,使得烟叶生长速度较慢,产量下降;地膜单覆盖对土壤性状改良不及秸秆单覆盖和秸秆与地膜双覆盖,秸秆和地膜双覆盖使0~20cm土层含水量平均比露地栽培提高16.82%,比秸秆单覆盖提高6.45%,比地膜单覆盖提高5.43%,而且烟叶成分较协调,产量与产值也较高。     

优质茶鲜对品质成份在年周期中的动态变化

通过全年茶季各阶段测定,分析了芽叶的机械组成,叶、梗及整体的水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸、儿茶素总量和纤维素的动态变化。探明叶/梗比值可以作为鲜叶嫩度指标;而5个品质成份中,以水浸出物和氨基酸的季节性差异达极显著水平,并据此建立回归方程。     

不同水分胁迫下的小麦/玉米间作群体响应机理研究

为探明不同水分胁迫下小麦/玉米间作群体响应机理,试验设置了1个充分灌水、3个不同水分胁迫程度间作处理及2个充分灌水单作对照处理。结果表明:共生期内,各间作处理间普遍存在小麦条带水分捕获当量比高于玉米条带的现象,随水分胁迫的加剧,此趋势愈加明显;随着生育期的推进,此趋势渐弱甚至出现反转,而带间的水分相对竞争能力则呈现逐渐下降的规律。在根系分布特征方面,充分灌溉下间作群体平均根系分布深度为17. 15～17. 24 cm,其根质量密度的90. 42%～90. 77%分布于耕层内,其中小麦为87. 49%～88. 70%,玉米为92. 63%～92. 81%,而水分胁迫会显著影响间作群体根系的空间分布。在间作优势方面,要保持间作优势,每次灌水最少需满足80%左右的田间持水率,随水分胁迫程度的增加,间作群体土地当量比呈现先微升、后下降的规律,且间作玉米的偏土地当量比下降速率快于间作小麦。在种间相对竞争能力方面,表现出随水分胁迫的加剧,小麦相对于玉米先微升、后快速下降,并逐渐近于消失的趋势。间作群体的特殊性造成了两作物条带存在时间与空间上的土壤水分差异,进而导致灌溉水入渗速度及入渗总量的不同,而水分胁迫增大了这种趋势,这在一定程度上满足了灌溉水的最佳去处,从而提高了间作群体的水分利用效率,进而揭示了间作群体的节水增产机理。     

Variability in energy partitioning and resistance parameters for a vineyard in northwest China

Grapevines are extensively grown in the semiarid and arid regions, but little information is available on the variability of energy partitioning and resistance parameters for the vineyard. To address this question, an eddy covariance system was applied to measure energy balance over a vineyard in northwest China during 2005-2006. Result indicated that 2-year average Bowen ratio (β) of vineyard was 1.0, canopy resistance (r_c) 289.3 s m⁻¹, aerodynamic resistance (r_a) 9.7 s m⁻¹ and climatological resistance (r_i) 117 s m⁻¹. This implied that the annual energy was split almost equally between sensible heat and latent heat. Compared to the corresponding values in other ecosystems reported by Wilson et al. [Wilson, K.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Dolman, H., Falge, E., Field, C., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Halldor, T., Hollinger, D., Katul, G., Law, B.E., Lindroth, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S., 2002. Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites. Water Resource Research 38, 1294-1305.], the vineyard had a higher β, r_c and r_i than deciduous forests, corn and soybean, and grassland. Such difference was mainly attributed to (1) serious water stress in 2005, which resulted in a greater r_c up to 364.4 s m⁻¹; (2) sparse canopy with row spacing of 2.9 m and plant spacing of 1.8 m; (3) warm-dry climate and high attitude (1581 m) along with higher r_i and lower psychrometer (54 Pa K⁻¹) in the arid region of northwest China. These characters of vineyard revealed varying process of energy partitioning and surface resistance, and provided a scientific basis in understanding and modeling water and energy balance for the vineyard in the semiarid and arid regions.     

Water production functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with saline and alkali waters using double-line source sprinkler system

Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m⁻¹; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L⁻¹; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR 10.3 mmol L⁻¹; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m⁻¹, SAR 15.1 mmol L⁻¹; RSC 9.6 meq. L⁻¹). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha⁻¹ with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha⁻¹ and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha⁻¹ for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)² − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10⁻²(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R² = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)² − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10⁻⁴(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R² = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.     

基于驾驶意图的无级变速器目标速比确定方

运用模糊数学理论提出一种基于驾驶意图的金属带式无级变速器(CVT)目标速比的确定方法,不需采用传统的经过手动方式选择动力模式或经济模式的方式,即可确定一个在动力和经济模式之间的目标速比.根据基于模糊规则的驾驶意图指数确定的目标速比进行CVT的速比控制,以达到按照驾驶意图来兼顾汽车的动力性和经济性能,从而避免了传统模式选择过程中速比突变导致传动系统的冲击、振动和发动机颤动,且能够根据驾驶员的驾驶意图进行调整,提高了驾驶操纵性.最后根据目标速比控制策略设计了控制器,并通过试验验证了目标速比确定方法的适用性.     

不同水肥模式的水稻叶面积修正系数试验研究

叶面积修正系数直接决定着长宽修正系数法测量叶面积的精确程度.为探讨水肥模式对水稻叶面积修正系数的影响,基于水稻实测叶面积及叶片长、宽数据计算叶面积修正系数,并分析其变化规律.结果表明,各处理生育前期水稻叶面积修正系数接近或超过经验值0.75,中期较小,抽穗开花期略有上升并稳定至0.7左右.常规灌溉处理上层叶片叶面积修正系数较控制灌溉大,叶片更加细长.不同肥料处理中,控释肥处理叶面积修正系数普遍偏低;常规肥及实地肥处理在生育前期可以采用经验值进行叶面积计算;抽穗开花及以后各生育期,各处理均可采用相同的叶面积修正系数;生育中期各处理叶面积修正系数较低.