陆地棉种质黄萎病抗性生理鉴定分析

【目的】研究陆地棉种质黄萎病抗性及生理鉴定,为棉花黄萎病抗性品种选育提供数据支持。【方法】以10份国外棉花种质(Gossypium hirsutum)为材料对室内盆栽棉花接种大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb),菌液浓度为10⁷ CFU/mL,接菌14 d后,观察并记录表型发病情况;采用荧光定量PCR检测叶片的菌含量;测定棉花叶片的木质素、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(PRO)等生理生化指标,结合相关性、主成分、隶属函数和聚类分析等方法,综合评价棉花的5个生理指标抗性。【结果】03804、A-6、04841和05189发病较轻;03804和A-6病菌DNA含量最少;在病菌侵染过程中,这些品种对PAL、PRO、木质素等的依赖程度不同,呈现出品种间差异;当棉花受到V.dahliae侵染后,MDA与H₂O₂呈极显著正相关,与PAL和PRO呈极显著负相关;五项抗病指标通过简化得到2个主成分,贡献率分别为64.951...     

不同有机肥对有机茶园茶叶产量及开花量影响的研究

为了研究不同有机物料在有机茶园中的施用效果,在八年生有机茶园内设置4种无害化有机物料、3个不同水平的处理,研究这些处理对福鼎种茶树生产性状、鲜叶生化品质及开花量的影响。试验结果表明:与空白对照相比,各种无害化有机物料处理均可显著改善茶树的生长,提高茶叶的产量,改善茶叶的品质,降低开花量,提高经济效益。芽重增加17.06%~42.06%,茶芽密度提高20.9%~36.4%,茶青的产量提高41.26%~93.4 9%,开花量降低2 1.6 7%~4 6.8%,产值增加1 757~3 223元/6 6 7 m2不等;茶叶的水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱等品质成分含量比对照有明显增加。     

干旱胁迫条件下信阳五月鲜桃光合特性和生理生化指标变化规律研究

以2年生信阳五月鲜桃幼树为试材,在盆栽条件下自然干旱形成水分梯度对信阳五月鲜桃幼树光合特性和生理生化特性进行研究,试验结果表明:信阳五月鲜桃光合速率日变化在清晨8∶00最大,随后逐渐下降,在中午14∶00降到最低,之后出现回升,有明显的"午休"现象;信阳五月鲜桃光合速率变化与蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶片温度和胞间CO2浓度具有密切的关系;当土壤相对含水量大于55.7%时,信阳五月鲜桃光合速率降低的主要因素是气孔因素,当土壤相对含水量低于55.7%时,信阳五月鲜桃光合速率降低的主要因素是非气孔因素。当土壤相对含水量大于55.7%时,信阳五月鲜桃渗透调节物质不断积累,以SOD为主导的细胞保护酶系统活性增强,植株抗旱性机制明显提高。当土壤相对含水量低于55.7%时,水分亏缺加重,渗透调节能力减弱,质膜系统遭到破坏,质膜过氧化。     

Salt stress and mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]: effects,physiological perspective and management practices for alleviating salinity

Mungbean is an important food grain legume with high economic status. It has an excellent source of dietary protein and nutritional health benefits, particularly for the vegetarians. It increases soil fertility and also plays an imperative role in major cropping systems due to its short life span. Production of mungbean is still decreasing due to its susceptibility towards various environmental stress factors. Salt stress is one of the most prevailing abiotic stress imposing threats for agriculture food crops along with increasing world population and limited natural resources. Fewer efforts have been made to develop an improved variety of mungbean. The present review summarizes the adverse effects of salt stress and mungbean response at the physiological and molecular level. It covers recent studies on introgression of useful traits in mungbean for its better adaptability and survival under stressed conditions. Modern biotechnological approaches and traditional breeding methods may assist the development of salt-tolerant cultivars of mungbean for salinity-affected area in arid and semi-arid regions. Researchers involved in this area should keep this goal on priority for sustainable mungbean production. Availability of protein-rich food may help to reduce the problem of malnutrition in poor families and national food security issue for a continuous rising population.     

Interactive Effects of Salinity and ZnO Nanoparticles on Physiological and Molecular Parameters of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Salinity is considered as the main factor limiting the yield of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. There are still many uncertainties about the nanotechnology and its potential applications, as well as doubts about its efficacy and safety in the long term. The aim of this study was to examine the alleviative effects of ZnO NPs (nanoparticles) (0, 20 and 80 mgL^?1) on toxicity damage caused by NaCl (0, 50 and 100 mM) at physiological and molecular parameters in Rapeseed. Rapeseed plants were treated at the rosette stage by different levels of salinity and ZnO NPs based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. At the physiological level, salinity stress significantly increased root ion leakage and decreased relative water content (RWC), stomata density and Hill reaction while application of ZnO NPs improved Hill reaction, and reduced ion leakage. At the molecular level, salinity stress significantly reduced the expression of ARP, MYC and SKRD2 genes compared to non-stressed plants while MPK4 gene expression increased under a high level of NaCl imposition. Foliar spraying of ZnO NPs considerably decreased the expression of MYC, MPK4, and SKRD2 genes and increased the expression of the ARP gene. It can be concluded that ZnO NPs had the ability to reduce the toxicity created under salinity stress at the optimal concentration (20 mgL^?1) in rapeseed and could play an important role in increasing the resistance of rapeseed plants to salinity stress.     

底墒差异对夏玉米生理特性及产量的影响

研究了底墒差异对夏玉米生理特性及产量的影响。试验结果表明,在夏玉米生育期间极度干旱的条件下,以冬小麦生育期间灌拔节水和抽穗水(各40mm),夏玉米生育期间灌两水(共计100mm)的处理夏玉米产量最高,达7466.58kg/hm2。而且该处理的叶面积、光合速率、蒸腾速率等生理指标高于其余各处理,气孔阻力和叶温等生理指标则低于其余各处理,以上各生理指标的变化是由于前茬冬小麦不同生育期灌溉而造成的。本试验同时表明,研究作物的水分问题应与特定的种植制度相结合。     

甘蔗新品系对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

【目的】探究甘蔗10个优良新品系的抗旱性能,为抗旱品种选育及推广应用提供科学依据。【方法】在人工干旱胁迫和正常供水处理下测定甘蔗伸长初期的根系活力,叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)含量,叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性8项生理指标的变化;采用主成分分析与聚类分析方法综合评价甘蔗伸长初期的抗旱性。【结果】受干旱胁迫后,甘蔗根系活力降低,叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量升高,叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性增强。聚类分析将包括对照品种ROC22在内的11个甘蔗品系分成抗旱性强、中度抗旱和抗旱性弱3类。抗旱性强的新品系为A6-13115和A3-1320,中度抗旱的新品系为A13-1396和A6-13122,抗旱性弱的新品系为A6-13111、A11-1390、A1-1305、A7-13120、A7-13104和A4-1316。【结论】采用主成分和聚类分析方法对多个指标综合评价能提高甘蔗抗旱评价的可靠性、准确性。甘蔗新品系A6-13115和A3-13120抗旱性强。     

林木对铝的耐性机理研究进展

在酸性土壤中,铝对林木的毒害是限制林木生长、降低林木生产力、进而导致森林退化的主要因素之一。目前,国内外在林木铝毒害及耐铝机制方面已有较多的研究,但关于林木耐铝的生理和分子机制的综述性报道很少。文中综述了近年来林木对铝的富集、铝对林木生理和分子水平上的毒害等方面的研究进展,总结了林木耐铝的生理机制和分子机制,简要介绍了外源添加物对林木耐铝毒的调控机制,提出了今后有关林木铝毒需进一步研究的重点,以期为林木铝毒的深入研究提供参考以及为缓解我国酸性土壤林木铝毒害及森林的健康持续经营提供参考。     

Growth and biomass partitioning of nine provenances of Quillaja saponaria seedlings to water stress

Information on the morphological and physiological responses of seedlings to stressors, such as water stress, is required for successful early establishment of seedlings. We examined provenance variation in morphological and physiological traits of Quillaja saponaria Molina seeds from nine provenances representing a latitudinal transect across the species range in Chile. The seedlings were subjected to two water regimes (well-watered vs water restriction) in a nursery experiment, and growth, biomass, survival, and gas exchange traits were measured. As expected, well-watered seedlings exhibited a superior performance in all traits analysed. Provenance effects were significant for most of the morphological and physiological traits. In the growth and biomass analysis, the northernmost provenance showed the lowest survival, growth and dry biomass, whereas in the gas exchange analysis, the southern interior provenance showed the highest net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency. The interaction between water regimes and provenance was only significant for diameter and net photosynthesis. These results indicate that different provenances of Q. saponaria show a stable performance across different controlled drought conditions. This information is of relevance for sourcing seeds for the restoration of the species.     

移栽期对毕纳1号烟草气候斑病发生及生长的影响

为探明毕纳1号烟草最适移栽期,研究移栽期对烟草气候斑病的发生和生长的影响。结果表明:适宜的移栽期有利于减轻毕纳1号烟草气候斑病的发生,可改善毕纳1号烟草农艺性状、提高烟叶叶绿素含量,并在一定程度上间接提高烟株抗病性;其中4月27日移栽综合表现最佳,移栽后60 d发病率和病情指数分别为20.10%和2.67,较其他2个移栽期分别显著(P<0.05)降低9.66%～12.12%和1.30～1.61。该结果为毕纳1号烟草适时移栽和气候斑病综合防控提供了技术参考。