超高效液相色谱———液相荧光法测定果蔬中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物

建立了热带水果中环境激素壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物壬基酚的超高效液相色谱测定方法。以乙酸乙酯为提取溶剂,高速匀浆后,滤液以炭黑石墨氨基柱净化浓缩,以 C18 色谱柱进行分离,经液相色谱荧光法测定,结果表明：样品中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及壬基酚在0.2～50 μg/mL 范围内线性良好,其方法检出限分别为2、1.6 μg/kg, 回收率NP 在 91％～104％之间,NPEO在75％～83％之间。该方法快速灵敏,准确度高,符合残留检测要求。     

神秘果果皮的抗氧化性

[目的]研究神秘果果皮总酚含量与抗氧化性的关系。[方法]综合各种数据,选分别取60%乙醇和0.1%HCl为最佳浸泡溶剂和酸度条件,采用2×3因素均匀设计法,时间为0.5～5.0h,温度为30～50℃,研究神秘果的总酚与还原力和DPPH清除率之间的关系。[结果]在不同温度与时间条件下,干燥果皮的总酚含量与其抗氧化性相关性不大。基于均匀设计的提取花青素工艺筛选试验表明,在用60%乙醇和0.1%HCl的提取条件下,温度对神秘果果皮的抗氧化性有促进作用,其抗氧化性随温度升高而增大,且1.0h为提取花青素的最佳提取时间。[结论]该研究为进一步探究神秘果果皮的抗氧化性提供参考。     

鸭梨果肉多酚氧化酶的活性研究与纯化

对鸭梨(Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)果肉多酚氧化酶的活性进行研究并对其进行纯化。以鸭梨果肉为试材,采用邻苯二酚为底物测定氧化产物的方法,就pH值、温度、热稳定性、抑制剂、不同成熟期及果肉不同部位等因素对PPO活性的影响进行了研究;酶粗提液经30%硫酸铵沉淀去杂和80%饱和度硫酸铵析出、Sephadex G200柱层析及HiPrepTM16/10 QXL离子柱层析等步骤进行了纯化,经SDS-PAGE进行了验证。结果表明:鸭梨果肉中的PPO最适pH值为6.4;最适温度为25℃;20～25℃时热稳定性较高;不同成熟期的活性不同;34 mmol/L的NaCl为较好的抑制剂;果肉近果心处活性最高,中部活性最低。经纯化,获得均一的PPO,分子量约43 kD。为鸭梨果肉PPO的性质研究以及控制梨果PPO酶促褐变提供了依据。     

竹砧板中甲醛释放量测定方法及限量值的确定

以市场上购买的不同产地的碳化与未碳化竹砧板为材料,通过水浸提法和40 L干燥器法检测其游离甲醛的含量和甲醛释放量,并采用40 L干燥器法抽样检测不同产地样品的甲醛释放量。结果表明:国家标准GB 18580—2001中甲醛释放量指标采用40 L干燥器法检测,限量值定为≤1.5 mg/L是较为科学合理的。     

A DFT study on formaldehyde reduction in dielectric barrier discharges

Density functional theory (DFT)is used to study the thermodynamics of formaldehyde removal under dielectric barrier discharges (DBD)non-thermal plasma (NTP)conditions at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. A calculation model is defined. The calculated reaction relative energies in this work confirm that the DBD plasma is effective for formaldehyde reduction at ambient conditions and at 1 atm. Present calculations indicate that the reactions of HCHO with primary free radicals such as OH·,O·,and H· are all thermodynamically favored. Moreover,theoretical results show that the main routes of O radical generation from O2 are direct dissociation and dissociative attachment-releasing electron, and the main pathways of H· and OH· from H2O are dissociation and attachment. The only thermodynamic obstacle to HO2· formation is 2H2O→H2O2+H2. The reactions of HO2· with other radicals are all thermodynamically favored. Comparative results between the previous investigation and the present work demonstrate that theoretical calculation with DFT can be an efficient and reliable supplement for experimental research.     

虎尾兰吸收甲醛及其保护酶活性的初步研究

通过对不同甲醛浓度处理的密闭容器中甲醛含量、虎尾兰植株体内甲醛含量及其保护酶活性的测定,探讨虎尾兰吸收空气中甲醛的效果,并分析不同甲醛浓度处理后植株体内甲醛含量与保护酶活性的差异性.结果表明:虎尾兰吸收甲醛量随着甲醛处理浓度的提高而增加,当甲醛处理浓度为0.347 mg·m-3、0.431 mg·m-3、0.543 mg·m-3、0.672 mg·m-3、0.884 mg·m-3,虎尾兰吸收甲醛量分别占容器中甲醛总量的14.98%、20.64%、30.76%、39.43%、45.14%;不同处理虎尾兰植株体内甲醛含量差异不显著,且其含量随着处理时间呈波动性变化态势;各处理的虎尾兰植株体内保护酶(POD、SOD和CAT)活性差异不显著.由此推断,虎尾兰吸收的甲醛没有在植株体内积累,甲醛处理对虎尾兰植株影响不显著.     

Fortification of sulfited tannin from the bark of Acacia mangium with phenol–formaldehyde for use as plywood adhesive

The Acacia mangium tree contains 10% bark (v/v), of which about 20% are extractives. Extraction of this bark using a combination of water and sulfite medium can produce between 15% and 25% tannin materials (dry weight). In this work, several extraction conditions such as bark size, plantation site, extraction time and extraction medium were studied. The results showed that by using either hot water or a sulfite medium, a reasonable amount of tannin yield can be obtained. Bark size of less than 1-mm mesh size gave relatively high tannin yield irrespectively of the extraction medium used. Using a 600:100:2:0.5 (w/w) ratio of water:bark:sodium sulfite:sodium carbonate, and reacted at 75 °C for 3 h improved the tannin yield by at least 30%. The extracts were reasonably reactive towards formaldehyde as shown by their high Stiasny number; water extract, 60–70% and aqueous sulfite–carbonate extracts, 85–90%. The gluing results showed that the shear strength of the plywood can meet the requirements of the European Standards EN 314-1 and EN 314-2:1993. Incorporation of low molecular weight PF resin (10 parts) and PF (10 parts) improved the shear strength from 0.96 MPa to 1.43 MPa after a 72 h boiling test. This study showed that A. mangium tannin blended with commercial plywood phenol–formaldehyde resin, low molecular weight PF and paraformaldehyde as a cross-linker can be used to bond Kedondong (Canarium spp.) wood veneers suitable for both interior and exterior grade plywood.     

Comparison of organic and conventional farming for onion yield,biochemical quality,soil organic carbon,and microbial population

In an ongoing field experiment, organic and conventional farming (control) were compared for onion bulb yield, biochemical quality, soil organic carbon (SOC), and microbial activity after the sixth cropping cycle. The treatments used for organic production were farmyard manure (FYM, 20,000 kg ha^?1), poultry manure (PM, 10,000 kg ha^?1), vermicompost (VC, 10,000 kg ha^?1), neem cake (NC, 5000 kg ha^?1), and a combination of FYM (5000 kg ha^?1), PM (2500 kg ha^?1), VC (2500 kg ha^?1), and NC (1250 kg ha^?1); all treatments were compared with the control. Organic treatments produced 24.6–43.6% lower yield consistently for 6 years than the control treatment. No significant difference was observed between PM, FYM, and VC treatments for the bulb yield. Bulb analysis during the sixth year indicated that plants that received FYM, PM, or VC had higher levels of total phenol, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and quercetin-3-glucoside than the control plants. All the five organically treated sets had significantly higher values of SOC, microbial population, fungal-to-bacterial ratio, and dehydrogenase activity than the control and the initial values in each treated set. The results indicate that FYM, PM, or VC application enhances biochemical quality and organic farming is more sustainable than conventional farming.     

BS-12+CTMAB复配修饰黄棕壤对菲的吸附

为了探究两性阳离子复配修饰黄棕壤对菲的吸附效应及影响机制,基于两性修饰剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)和阳离子型表面修饰剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)复配修饰膨润土吸附苯酚的最佳修饰比例,分别以蒙脱石含量为43%和6%的2种黄棕壤制备了2个系列的BS-12+CTMAB复配修饰土样。通过批处理法研究了两性复配修饰黄棕壤对菲的吸附特征,分析了温度、pH值和离子强度对复配修饰黄棕壤吸附菲的影响,并探讨了复配修饰黄棕壤对菲的吸附机理。结果表明,随着总修饰比例的增大,2种复配修饰黄棕壤对菲的吸附能力均逐渐增强,Henry模型适合描述2种复配修饰黄棕壤对菲的吸附;2种修饰黄棕壤对菲吸附量均随温度、pH值的升高而降低,在低浓度范围内,随离子强度的增大而升高;2种复配修饰黄棕壤对菲的吸附均以分配吸附为主,总体上修饰黄棕壤对菲和苯酚的吸附具有相似的机制。土样阳离子交换量(CEC)和修饰比例是两性复配修饰黄棕壤吸附菲的决定因素。     

明胶酶解物捕获甲醛工艺的优化及其应用

为控制鱿鱼丝制品中的甲醛含量,以食用明胶酶解物为甲醛捕获剂,采用响应面法对捕获条件进行优化,并将明胶酶解物运用到秘鲁鱿鱼丝加工中,改良生产工艺,降低鱿鱼丝制品甲醛含量。结果表明,p H、温度、时间对明胶酶解物的甲醛捕获率均有显著影响,明胶酶解物捕获甲醛的最佳条件为:温度94.04℃,时间87.04 min,p H值8.99,明胶酶解物浓度1%,该条件下甲醛捕获率达94.12%。在鱿鱼丝加工中,蒸煮前将鱿鱼片浸泡在含1%明胶酶解物的溶液(料液比1∶3)中6 h,制得的鱿鱼丝成品甲醛含量为7.49 mg·kg~(-1),极显著低于原工艺组鱿鱼丝甲醛含量(13.21 mg·kg~(-1)),且对鱿鱼丝的口味和色泽无影响。综上,明胶酶解物具有较好的甲醛捕获能力,能抑制鱿鱼丝加工中甲醛的产生。本试验结果为生产食用安全的鱿鱼丝提供了指导。