杀螨剂“克螨特”亚致死剂量对朱砂叶螨实验种群生命参数的影响

为了科学合理地使用桑园杀虫剂,采用Jackkn ife统计推断技术,在16 L、(30±1)℃、RH 75%±10%,8D、(20±1)℃、RH 65%±15%的条件下,对寄主为桑树的朱砂叶螨种群水平上的亚致死效应进行了研究。朱砂叶螨成螨经杀螨剂“克螨特”亚致死剂量(60.83 mg/L)处理后,成螨寿命降低,雌螨总产卵量显著低于对照组;处理组内禀增长率(0.272 0±0.007 5)也显著低于对照组(0.338 6±0.005 5)。     

紫外诱变与羧甲基半胱氨酸复合筛选高产L-精氨酸菌株

为获得L-精氨酸高产菌株,以实验室初步鉴定为格兰氏阳性细菌,菌落特征为金黄色的产全氨基酸菌株为出发菌株,利用紫外线(UV)诱变和精氨酸结构类似物羧甲基半胱氨酸(羧甲司坦)进行复合筛选,得到1株L-精氨酸高产诱变菌株。对所筛选到的高产诱变菌株进行160r/min,30℃摇瓶发酵90h,测得该菌株L-精氨酸的产量为78.79μg/3ml,与出发菌株相比,L-精氨酸的产量提高约3.71倍。经多批次发酵试验进一步验证,所筛选的高产L-精氨酸菌株具有较好的遗传稳定性,此研究不仅对筛选L-精氨酸高产菌株具有一定参考和借鉴意义,对筛选其他类型氨基酸高产菌株也可提供一定参考。     

鸡抗球虫药的体外筛选综述

抗鸡球虫药的筛选分为体内筛选和体外筛选。体外筛选具有简易、迅速、准确和经济的优点。本文在前人大量工作的基础上，总结了体外筛选的全过程，并分述了细胞培养筛选法和鸡胚培养筛选法。     

防治桑蓟马的农药筛选与应用

桑蓟马是桑树常见害虫之一,本文回顾了防治桑蓟马的农药筛选进展,分析了不同农药的防效和安全性,根据桑蓟马的防治特点和养蚕生产要求,提出了防治桑蓟马的农药应用策略,为防治桑蓟马新农药的筛选和应用提供参考。     

高效纤维素分解菌的分离鉴定及堆肥效果研究

采用CMC-Na平板法和刚果红染色法从自然发酵的牛粪中分离获得高效纤维素分解菌,通过形态学观察、生化试验及16S rDNA分子生物学对菌株进行鉴定,采用单因素法确定菌株的最佳培养条件,最后接种牛粪进行堆肥发酵观测其效果。结果表明:获得的菌株Y2鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌;经产酶条件优化后,菌株Y2的滤纸酶活力(FPA)为15.83 u·mL~(-1),羧甲基纤维素酶活力(CMCA)高达100.81 U·mL~(-1),分别是优化前的1.3、2.76倍。堆肥试验结果表明:接种Y2组和EM菌剂组均在第3 d进入高温期(50℃),且高温期分别维持了9 d和8 d,接种Y2组纤维素降解率达到42%,而EM菌剂组为35%,接种无菌水组只有10.5%。菌株Y2在堆肥发酵方面具有较大的应用潜力。     

蔬菜农药残留问题分析及控制对策

介绍了当前蔬菜农药残留的主要来源及类型,探讨了蔬菜中农药残留对人畜和环境的危害,分析了蔬菜农药残留超标的根本原因,并提出了降低农药残留的对策,以提高农产品质量安全水平。     

CO2浓度和抗药性对褐飞虱刺吸取食行为的影响

【目的】明确CO2浓度升高是否影响褐飞虱的取食行为以及抗药褐飞虱品系的刺吸行为是否与敏感品系存在差异,从而为预测CO2浓度升高条件下不同抗药性褐飞虱对水稻的致害性提供依据。【方法】采用刺吸电位技术（EPG）观察褐飞虱抗、感噻嗪酮品系（抗性水平相差约480倍）对当前（390 μL•L-1）和升高CO2浓度（780 μL•L-1）下生长水稻的口针刺吸行为,用双因素方差分析比较CO2浓度和抗药性2因素对口针刺吸显示的6种波形持续时间和频次的差异。【结果】CO2浓度加倍倾向于缩短感噻嗪酮褐飞虱在韧皮部摄取汁液的总时间,与抗药性互作显著影响开始刺探行为的频次：CO2浓度加倍条件下（780 μL•L-1）抗性褐飞虱开始刺探的频次低于当前CO2浓度下（390 μL•L-1）。抗噻嗪酮褐飞虱口针朝维管束移动和在木质部摄取汁液的时间延长,但在韧皮部内部活动的时间缩短;口针在韧皮部内部活动的频次增多,但在韧皮部和木质部摄取汁液的频次减少。【结论】抗噻嗪酮褐飞虱对水稻的致害性明显强于感噻嗪酮褐飞虱;CO2浓度升高可能使感噻嗪酮褐飞虱对水稻的致害性减弱,但对抗噻嗪酮褐飞虱没有显著影响。     

Predictive modes of action of pesticides in uterine adenocarcinoma development in rats

Endometrial adenocarcinoma in the uterine corpus is a malignant cancer that occurs in menopausal women and aged rodents. Because of the similarities in pathogenesis and morphology of endometrial adenocarcinoma in rodents and humans, prediction of the modes of action (MOA) in uterine carcinogenesis is important for extrapolation of rodent data to humans. Three MOAs have been accepted as major pathways for uterine carcinogenesis in rodents: 1) estrogenic activity, 2) increased serum 17beta-estradiiol (E2) to progesterone (P4) ratio and 3) modulation of estrogen metabolism to produce 4-hydroxyestradiol via P450 induction. Inhibition of estrogen excretion and increased aromatase in situ in the tumor are also a potential pathway. Here, chemicals showing uterine carcinogenicity were chosen from approximately 300 pesticides evaluated in Japan within the past decade, and their mechanisms were predicted using parameters from mechanistic and toxicity studies. Seven pesticides increased uterine tumor formation in rats, and the pathways of 4 pesticides could be predicted based on various mechanistic studies. The MOAs of cyenopyrafen and benthiavalicarb-isopropyl were predicted to be modulation of estrogen metabolism, while those of pyriminobac-methyl and spirodiclofen were predicted to be increased E2 to P4 ratio. The driven pathways of metazosulfuron and isopyrazam could not be predicted using several mechanistic studies. No mechanistic studies have been reported for sedaxane, which has a chemical structure and toxicological profile similar to isopyrazam. Our results indicated that appropriate mechanistic studies are useful for mechanism prediction in risk assessment. From this analysis, a flowchart showing a decision tree for predictive MOAs in uterine carcinogenesis was proposed.     

棉花黄萎病拮抗芽孢杆菌S12的筛选鉴定及拮抗机制的分析

[目的]近年来,新疆棉田由于长期连作导致棉花黄萎病呈逐年加重的趋势,筛选适合新疆特殊地理环境的高效拮抗菌株对防治棉花黄萎病尤为重要.[方法]采用平板对峙和琼脂平板扩散法从生长健康的棉花根际土壤中筛选拮抗细菌,利用常规PCR方法扩增拮抗细菌16S rRNA基因序列,应用BLAST进行同源性搜索,通过构建系统发育树并结合生理生化检测对拮抗细菌进行鉴定.用底物水解法检测其产生水解酶的能力,PCR方法检测其产生抗菌肽的潜力.[结果]枯草芽孢杆菌S12对大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)的抑菌率为56％,抑菌圈直径为20 mm,其发酵液对病原菌孢子萌发抑制率为95.93％,表现出较好的抑菌能力;菌株S12能合成蛋白酶,含有srfAA、spaS、bacA抗菌肽合成基因,具有一定的生防潜力.[结论]获得了可抑制大丽轮枝菌的芽孢杆菌菌株S12,并分析了其拮抗机制,为新疆棉花黄萎病的生物防治提供菌株资源和理论指导.