Degradation Impact Factors of Phenol Simulated Wastewater with Ultrasonic-hydrogen Peroxide

The use of ultrasonic,H2O2and the combination of two kinds of technology approach to ultrasound H2O2 phenol wastewater, treatment effect of three methods were compared the differences, and discussed the ultrasonic power, the solution pH value, ultrasonic time and ferrous ions (Fe2 + ) the amount of the treatment effect. The results show that hydrogen peroxide and ultrasonic treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment is superior to ultrasonic treatment group and H2O2 treatment. Through orthogonal experiments of phenol degradation rate of the size of the order has to pH>ultrasonic power>ultrasonic time>adding 0.1mmol·L-1FeSO4 amount of the basis of the experimental parameters, in order to obtain high degradation rate and cost, various factors. Optimization of process parameters for the ultrasonic time of 60 min, power is 200 W, pH is 3, adding FeSO4 amount of 1.0 mL. Under optimum conditions in this experiment, the degradation of phenol was 81.50%. Ultrasonic is relatively separate and separate hydrogen peroxide, the use of ultrasonic hydrogen peroxide degradation rate of phenol, save time, the advantages of speed degradation.     

水杨酸对烟草抗黄瓜花叶病毒的诱导效应

通过外源水杨酸（Salicylic acid,SA）处理烟苗,研究了水杨酸处理的烟草接种黄瓜花叶病毒后,其病情指数及抗病相关酶活性和H2O2含量的变化。结果表明：接种CMV后21d,SA处理烟株的病情指数显著低于对照;SA预处理的烟株在接种CMV前后叶片内的过氧化物酶（POD）活性和过氧化氢（H2O2）含量提高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性下降。表明水杨酸具有诱导烟草抗黄瓜花叶病毒的效应。     

二叔丁基过氧化物对生物柴油燃烧过程及排放的影响

采用十六烷值改进剂二叔丁基过氧化物(Di-tert-butyl peroxide,DTBP)对生物柴油的着火性能进行改进。通过柴油机台架试验,测量了标定转速2900r/min、不同负荷时柴油机的气缸压力和排放污染物,考察了DTBP不同添加比对生物柴油燃烧过程及排放的影响。研究结果表明,随着DTBP添加比例的增加,着火延迟期及缸内最高爆发压力均有所降低,DTBP添加比例为0.75%时,滞燃期缩短1.2°CA左右,燃烧持续期缩短3°CA左右,缸内最高爆发压力降低2.5%;添加DTBP后,HC、CO、NOx排放均有所改善,DTBP添加比例为0.25%时,排放降低最多:HC排放降低42.7%,CO排放降低13.9%,NOx排放降低15.7%,随着DTBP添加比的增加,排放略有升高,但对碳烟排放影响不大。     

添加剂对回收废弃PE材质滴灌带再生材料力学性能的影响

从废旧PE滴灌带的回收再利用出发,针对PE材质滴灌带使用后老化引起弹性及强度降低的现象,探讨了加入EVA(乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物)与DCP(过氧化二异丙苯)对废弃滴灌带再生材料的弹性及强度的影响。研究了EVA含量分别占PE的0%~20%与DCP含量占PE的0%~1.2%时的改性再生PE材料的力学性能。结果表明:单因素下EVA可以改善再生料的断裂伸长率和断后自然回弹率,10%的EVA提升效果最佳。DCP可以改善再生料的强度,但是断裂伸长率和断后自然回弹率随之下降。配比6%EVA+0.4%DCP的改性剂同时加入废旧PE材料后可有效改善改性再生料的使用性能。     

玉米秸秆纤维素的磷酸结合碱性过氧化氢分离

传统玉米秸秆纤维素分离工艺中,一般采用硫酸等强酸进行处理,存在酸腐蚀性强及碱消耗量大等问题。基于此,研究以磷酸预处理结合碱性过氧化氢的处理工艺,探究处理过程中玉米秸秆纤维素、半纤维素及木质素质量分数的变化。通过单因素试验优化得到适宜工艺为:磷酸处理温度150℃,处理时间1. 5 h,磷酸质量分数1. 67%,氢氧化钠质量分数1. 0%,过氧化氢质量分数2. 0%,处理温度50℃,处理时间3 h,在此条件下制备的玉米秸秆纤维素得率达89. 02%,半纤维素去除率达93. 25%,木质素去除率达95. 18%,纤维素质量分数达90. 19%,同时在稀磷酸处理过程获得的滤液中能得到高副加值产物木糖、阿拉伯糖以及糠醛,半纤维素的回收率高达93. 81%。通过FTIR、SEM、AFM和XRD等测试分析发现,玉米秸秆经过磷酸处理后能有效去除半纤维素,碱性过氧化氢处理能脱除木质素组分,两步处理过程中秸秆纤维素晶型无变化,但是结晶度显著提高,热稳定性增强。     

Cytotoxic, cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of isolated phenolic compounds from fresh ginger

Twenty-nine phenolic compounds were isolated from the root bark of fresh (Yunnan) ginger and their structures fully characterized. Selected compounds were divided into structural categories and twelve compounds subjected to in-vitro assays including DPPH radical scavenging, xanthine-oxidase inhibition, monoamine oxidase inhibition, rat-brain homogenate lipid peroxidation, and rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell and primary liver cell viability to determine their antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Isolated compounds were also tested against nine human tumor cell lines to characterize anticancer potency. Several diarylheptanoids and epoxidic diarylheptanoids were effective DPPH radical scavengers and moderately effective at inhibiting xanthine oxidase. An enone–dione analog of 6-shogaol (compound 2) was isolated and identified to be most effective at protecting PC12 cells from H₂O₂-induced damage. Almost all tested compounds inhibited lipid peroxidation. Three compounds, 6-shogaol, 10-gingerol and an enone-diarylheptanoid analog of curcumin (compound 6) were identified to be cytotoxic in cell lines tested, with KB and HL60 cells most susceptible to 6-shogaol and the curcumin analog with IC₅₀ < 10 μM. QSAR analysis revealed cytotoxicity was related to compound lipophilicity and chemical reactivity. In conclusion, we observed distinct compounds in fresh ginger to have biological activities relevant in diseases associated with reactive oxygen species.     

Semi-quantitative method to evaluate the α-carbonyl content in lignin

A method to estimate the content of -carbonyl structures in lignin was developed. This method consists of two successive treatments: NaBD₄ treatment of pulp to reduce an -carbonyl structure in lignin, and nitrobenzene oxidation. NaBD₄ was used to convert an -carbonyl structure to a deuterium-labeled hydroxymethine structure. The ratio of D-vanillin [(HO)(H₃CO)C₆H₃CDO] to H-vanillin [(HO)(H₃CO)C₆H₃CHO] or that of their syringyl analogues obtained by nitrobenzene oxidation was used as the measure of the content of -carbonyl structure. Model experiments demonstrated that when sodium hydroxide was used as alkali for the nitrobenzene oxidation, the retention of deuterium at the side chain -position was very low due to the displacement of deuterium with hydrogen by an unknown reaction mechanism. In order to depress this unexpected displacement, the reaction conditions of the nitrobenzene oxidation were modified. The modified nitrobenzene oxidation employs 0.5mol/l of lithium hydroxide as a reaction medium instead of 2.0mol/l sodium hydroxide. By this modification, this method could successfully trace the formation and the degradation of the -carbonyl structure in milled wood lignins.This paper was presented in part at the 11th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Nice, France, June 2001 and at the 46th Lignin Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, November 2001     

Antioxidant,ethylene and membrane leakage responses to powdery mildew infection of near-isogenic barley lines with various types of resistance

Leaves of powdery mildew-susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Ingrid) and related near-isogenic lines bearing various resistance genes (Mla12, Mlg or mlo5) were inoculated with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race A6. Fungal attack induced several-fold increases in ethylene emission and electrolyte leakage in leaves of susceptible Ingrid beginning 3 days after inoculation. Activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes were induced markedly in susceptible leaves 5–7 days after inoculation. Similar, but less pronounced pathogen-induced changes were detected in inoculated leaves of Mla-type resistant plants that show hypersensitive cell death upon inoculation, and, to an even lesser extent, in the Mlg and mlo lines, where no visible symptoms accompanied the incompatible interaction. Glutathione content increased only in susceptible barley 7 days after inoculation. Catalase activity, total ascorbate content and redox state were not influenced by inoculation in any of the genotypes. The activity of dehydroascorbate reductase was significantly reduced 3–5 days after inoculation in the susceptible parental plants and after 5 days in Mla and Mlg lines, while it was stable in the mlo barley. Slightly elevated levels of H₂O₂ were observed in the inoculated resistant plants. In contrast, H₂O₂ content decreased in the susceptible line 7 days after pathogen attack. These data indicate that high levels of antioxidants are involved in the compatible interaction of susceptible barley and powdery mildew by protecting the pathogen from oxidative damage.     

NaCl胁迫下枸杞愈伤组织活性氧产生与质膜H+—ATPase活性的关系

以枸杞愈伤组织为材料,研究了盐胁迫对活性氧伤害和质膜H -ATPase活性的影响。结果表明,NaCl浓度为100mmol/L时超氧阴离子(O2-·)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量上升,质膜H -ATPase活性先升后降;质膜相对透性与丙二醛(MDA)含量呈显著正相关;超氧阴离子(O2-·)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量与质膜H -ATPase活性在重度胁迫下呈显著负相关,说明盐胁迫下活性氧积累可能是加速伤害质膜功能的主要原因之一。     

Polyamines enhance chilling tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through modulating antioxidative system

Cucumber chilling-resistant cultivar Changchun mici and -sensitive cultivar Beijing jietou were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous PAs on protection against chilling injury as well as on changes of physiological features, and the fluctuation of free PAs content in the leaves under chilling stress. Upon chilling treatment, free spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm) and putrescine (Put) were remarkably induced in the leaves of cv. Changchun mici 1 day after treatment. The induction of Put declined thereafter, whereas Spd and Spm levels increased steadily. In the leaves of cv. Beijing jietou, Put content was increased only at 1 day after chilling while Spd content decreased significantly upon chilling treatment. Chilling reduced soluble protein content, and decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) only in Beijing jietou. However, these changes could be renovated by exogenous application of Put and Spd. It was also found that pretreatment with Put and Spd diminished the increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content caused by chilling in the leaves of both cultivars. Pretreatment of methyglyoxal-bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), the PAs biosynthetic inhibitor cancelled the effects of PAs in most of the treatments. Moreover, histochemical staining and quantitative measurements showed that exogenous application of Put and Spd eliminated but MGBG exaggerated the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation caused by chilling stress, especially in leaves of Beijing jietou. Interestingly, Changchun mici was found to contain higher endogenous free PAs contents compared to Beijing jietou. While no significant difference of SOD, POD and CAT activities was found between non-chilling Changchun mici and Beijing jietou seedlings, the former exhibited higher APX activity than the latter. These results suggest that PAs play important roles in the tolerance of cucumber against chilling stress, which is most likely achieved by acting as oxidative machinery against chilling injury.