Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

日光温室内光合有效辐射基本特征分析

基于日光温室内观测的辐射资料,对光合有效辐射特征及对作物的影响进行研究分析.结果表明:温室内日光合有效辐射累计值与日水面蒸发量呈较好的线性关系,相关系数为0.7974;日光温室内作物光合速率随光合有效辐射上升到一定程度后,将不随光合有效辐射的增加而增加;叶片细胞液质量分数与光合有效辐射日变化均呈单峰型曲线,叶片细胞液质量分数相对于光合有效辐射有明显的滞后现象;日光温室内冬、春季晴天及阴天的太阳总辐射Q和光合有效辐射(PAR)日变化均为单峰型曲线,晴天和阴天太阳总辐射和光合有效辐射日变化趋势一致,阴天比晴天小;2007年秋季和2008年春季日光温室内小型西瓜的光合有效辐射利用率分别为6.38%和6.31%,高于大田作物的光合有效辐射利用率值.     

蛋鸡J亚群禽白血病病毒gp85基因遗传进化分析

为了解福建省蛋鸡J亚型禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)的遗传进化关系,对来自福建省蛋鸡场发病蛋鸡中分离鉴定的3株ALV-J的gp85基因进行克隆与测序,并与国内外18株ALV-J参考株的基因序列进行分析。结果表明:3株蛋鸡分离株的gp85基因与亚群2的国内蛋鸡分离株(CL09DP02、GL09DP01和HuB09JY03)以及原型株HPRS-103的亲缘关系较近,达97.8%~99.6%,表明福建省蛋鸡ALV-J株很可能与国内部分蛋鸡ALV-J分离株有着共同的来源。     

智能手机RGB图像检测植物叶片叶绿素含量的通用方法

为提高RGB（Red, Green, Blue）图像方法在检测植物叶片叶绿素含量的预测精度、普适性和实用性,该研究提出了一种智能手机结合辅助拍照装置获取植物叶片RGB图像并即时检测叶绿素含量的低成本方法。设计了一种内置主动光源的低成本便携式拍照装置,用以降低环境光及拍照角度等因素对成像质量的影响;并采用了基于24色Macbeth标准色卡的二阶多项式回归法构建色差校正矩阵以减小不同手机所获取图像的色差;最后开发了基于微信小程序的远程诊断系统以实现植物叶片叶绿素含量的原地、实时及无损检测。以甘蔗叶片为例,采用了3款不同品牌的手机进行了试验,首先分析了叶片39种颜色特征与其叶绿素含量的相关性及色差校正方法对其的影响。结果表明,该方法获取的叶片颜色特征与叶绿素含量大多具有较强的相关性（相关系数>0.8）,同时,色差校正可明显提升多手机混合数据集的颜色特征与叶绿素含量的相关系数,其中RGB色彩空间下三个颜色通道亮度值R、G、B的代数运算特征(B-G-R)/(B+G)的提升最明显,达到了0.842 4,比校正前提高了89%。进一步结合主成分分析构建了色差校正前与色差校正后的叶绿素含量多元线性回归（Multivariate Linear Regression,MLR）和支持向量机回归（Support Vector Regression,SVR）预测模型。针对多手机混合数据集的通用预测模型中,色差校正后的SVR通用预测模型精度和稳定性最高,相比校正前的SVR通用预测模型,五折交叉验证的R2均值达到了0.721 4,提高了14.6%,RMSE均值为0.328 8 mg/g,降低了13.3%;同时,该模型五折交叉验证的R2标准差仅为0.004 2,具有更高的稳定性。该研究为不同手机准确预测植物叶片叶绿素含量提供了一种通用方法。     

主动型配电网日前调度策略研究

相对于传统配电网,主动型配电网可以合理利用其双向调度功能,充分发挥分布式发电容量,在保护环境的同时还可以提高电力公司的效益。以电力公司效益最大为调度目标,针对主动型配电网调度问题,该文计及输电和高压配电网网损的影响,提出了一种配电网日前优化调度模型,通过该模型对微电网电源交互功率和分布式电源进行优化调度,同时确定最佳渗透率,不仅可以有效地削峰填谷,还可以根据最佳渗透率调整分布式电源的功率,使电力公司效益最大化。算例研究表明,电网中接在距离电源点较近的节点下的主动型配电网,通过该文提出的优化调度模型,得出渗透率为21.14%时,电力公司效益最高。该研究可为主动型配电网日前调度策略以及分布式电源最佳渗透率的制定提供参考。     

大兴安岭天然林不同林分溶解有机碳变化特征

为确定不同林分和季节变化对森林碳库影响。在内蒙古大兴安岭根河林业局境内选取具有代表性的林分,即白桦林、白桦落叶松混交林以及落叶松林为研究对象。收集并测定了树干径流、有机质层和0-30 cm土层中DOC浓度,并分析了DOC变化特征以及不同月份对DOC的影响。结果表明:不同林分中树干径流中DOC平均浓度分别为60.12,172.77,205.02 mg/L;有机质层中DOC平均浓度分别为35.32,39.64,34.45 mg/L;0-30 cm土层中DOC平均浓度分别为26.23,37.08,26.53 mg/L。结果表明:不同林分中DOC浓度表现为树干径流 > 有机质层 > 0-30 cm土层,落叶松林树干径流DOC浓度明显高于白桦林（p<0.05）,且落叶松树干比白桦树干淋溶DOC强;不同林分中有机质层和0-30 cm土层表现为白桦落叶松混交林>白桦林、落叶松林,但无明显的差异（p>0.05）,而且有机质层和土层对DOC有吸附固定作用;不同林分6-9月份树干径流中DOC浓度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,7月份达到最大,机质层和0-30 cm土层中DOC浓度6月份最高,7月、8月最低,而9月份又升高。不同林分和月份的变化,影响了天然林中DOC浓度分布。     

不同生长时期丝栗栲林下土壤有机碳含量及矿化特征

[目的]分析土壤活性碳含量变化以及土壤有机碳的矿化特征,为今后深入了解掌握丝栗栲林下土壤有机碳的分解转化过程及其固碳潜力提供理论依据。[方法]基于野外取样调查以及室内分析得出的有机碳数据,利用双指数模型法,在Origin 8.6软件支持下拟合出活性碳含量以及有机碳矿化过程及强度的时空变化特征。[结果]土壤有机碳含量和活性碳含量均呈现明显的表层富集现象以及4月较低,8月最高,之后逐月降低的时间变化特点。土壤有机碳矿化强度虽然表现出与土壤有机碳和活性碳含量相同的垂直剖面特征和时间变化趋势,但其时间变化特征与土壤活性碳含量变化更为一致,只有0—20cm表层土壤表现出显著性变化。[结论]土壤有机碳矿化强度与微生物、温度和活性碳含量均达到极显著相关水平,但其时间变化特征与土壤活性碳含量变化更为一致,二者的关系更密切。     

心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果

研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土10~30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 k Pa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 k Pa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区深松区对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。     

大跨度主动蓄能型温室温湿环境监测及节能保温性能评价

针对日光温室土地利用率低,单体小不能进行立体栽培果树种植,不利于机械化操作等问题。该文提出一种大跨度主动蓄能型温室,该温室南北走向,双屋面拱形钢骨架结构,并采用主动蓄放热系统进行能量的蓄积与释放。该试验以传统砖墙日光温室作为对照,对大跨度主动蓄能型温室室内外温湿度以及主动蓄放热系统的能量收支进行分析,并对比2种温室的建造成本,综合分析了试验温室保温节能效果及经济效益。结果表明:大跨度主动蓄能型温室土地利用率高达87.4%。温室夜间平均气温高于10℃,无极端低温,晴天夜间平均气温比对照温室高1.5~3.1℃,比室外高13.9~19.3℃;阴天夜间平均气温比对照温室高1.2~2.8℃,比室外高12.5~18.9℃。夜间室内相对湿度平均比对照温室低7%~10%。主动蓄放热系统性能系数COP(coefficient of performance)为3.4~4.2,平均每天能耗0.013 k Wh/m2,与传统燃煤锅炉加温系统相比,平均节能率为47%。大跨度主动蓄能型温室建造成本每平米307.2元,比传统砖墙日光温室低144.5元。大跨度主动蓄能型温室是一种土地利用率高,单体大,保温性能良好,能进行冬季果菜生产的新型温室类型,且投入少,综合其经济环境效益,值得推广应用。