无级变速拖拉机跃度最优化调速控制

针对无人驾驶拖拉机加减速导致的作业平稳性低和燃油经济性差等问题，该研究基于CVT（constantly variable transmission，无级变速传动）拖拉机，设计了一种基于贝尔曼最优性原理的最小跃度多项式局部速度规划算法。基于贝尔曼最优性原理和最优控制思想设计全局规划目标、局部规划目标及约束，提出基于最小跃度多项式的局部速度规划算法并开发速度跟随控制系统。田间试验表明，相对于无最优化调速技术的对照组，U型掉头的速度误差平均值和均方根分别降低42.31%和50.75%，加速度平均值与方差分别降低8.26%和16.36%，跃度平均值与方差分别降低7.65%和14.23%，发动机转速方差降低63.36%，发动机扭矩百分比方差降低60.26%，瞬时油耗方差降低71.25%，总油耗降低2.37%。直线行驶调速效果呈现相同趋势，与对照组相比，速度误差平均值和均方根分别降低9.45%和11.14%，加速度平均值与方差分别降低6.03%和13.68%。跃度平均值和均方根分别降低1.55%和3.59%。发动机转速方差降低31.78%，发动机扭矩百分比方差降低25.13%，瞬时油耗方差降低31.82%，总油耗降低2.48%。所提方法满足无级变速拖拉机无人驾驶速度平稳切换需要，并提高了燃油经济性。     

Depletion of ascorbic acid derivatives in fish feed by the production process

ABSTRACT:   The depletion of ascorbic acid derivatives in fish feed during the feed processing (extrusion cooking and drying) was studied at five extrusion cooking temperatures and at 85°C for 2 h dryer processing temperature. Three ascorbic acid derivatives were used: L-ascorbyl-2-mono-phosphate Mg (APM), L-ascorbic acid sodium (AAS) and L-ascorbic acid palmitic acid ester (AAP). Samples were collected after drying and ascorbic acid derivatives losses evaluated. APM was found to be quiet stable with an average retention of 88%, but AAS and AAP were unstable and the depletion was very high.     

枳术丸水煎液对幼犬脾阳虚模型治疗作用研究

在观察枳术丸对脾阳虚幼犬模型的治疗作用基础上,比较3种不同剂量枳术丸水煎液的疗效,并研究其对幼犬胃酸分泌量和胃蛋白酶活性的影响。结果显示,枳术丸水煎液中剂量（含生药1.0g/mL）灌胃疗效最好,使幼犬采食量增加、体重恢复、血虚证指标改善最明显;其次为低剂量（含生药0.5g/mL）组;高剂量（含生药5.0g/mL）组和阳性对照组疗效最差;枳术丸水煎液中剂量提高幼犬胃酸分泌量和胃蛋白酶活性最明显。枳术丸水煎液对胃酸分泌量和胃蛋白酶活性的影响可能为其健脾作用机制。     

Monitoring Forest Fire with MODIS-NDVI Images in Beijing

INTRODUCTION The moisture content of fuel is a critical parameter in fire ignition because flammability is closely dependent on it (Dimitrakopoulos et al. 2001). Dead fuel lying on the forest floor (fallen branches, litter, foliage) is the most dangerous because it is drier than live fuel and more dependent on rapid atmospheric changes. The moisture content of live fuel plays a marginal role in fire ignition, but it is critical in fire propagation modeling because the amount of water is d…     

THE ESTIMATE OF THE EFFECTIVE FUEL COMBUSTION VALUE OF FOREST COMMUNITY IN THE DAXINGAN MOUNTAIN

FoRESTFUELCoMBUSTIoNVALUECombustionvalueisanimportantparameterofmaterialburningcharacteri-stics.Itmeansthattheheatreleasesfromtheunitofmaterialcompleteburningtocooldownthestartingtemperatureofreactionmaterals(l).Undertheconditionofthesamepressureandenoughoxygeninthecombustor,materialscombustionva1ueisrelatedtotheinnerenergyofthematerialstatefromthebeginningtotheendduringreaction.Thecombustionvaluesuchasmeta1,carbon,hydrogencanbemeasuredaccurate1y.Toforestfuels,theirenergycan'tbethesam…     

浙北地区薪炭林高产栽培研究

浙北地区薪炭林高产栽培研究＊葛万川周健关键词薪炭林栽培体系浙北地区富阳市位于浙江省北部，地貌属浙江西北部低山丘陵区，气候上属我国中亚热带北缘。它在长江下游，中、北亚热带丘陵山地中具有一定的代表性。薪柴是富阳市的主要能源，１９８５年全市耗柴３８万ｔ，占...     

Water transport in wood particle material

An analogy between water flux and the field of temperature gradient in a column of wood fuel chips was discovered by these experiments. The heat—mass transfer coefficient was determined by least squares method. An equation relating water flux and temperature gradient was developed and it was demonstrated that the temperature gradient was the main driving force for water transport. The mechanism was evaporation—condensation of water vapor through natural convection in air phase. The study gives a theoretical explanation for analyzing the problem of water transport in wood particle material.     

辽东地区森林可被燃物载量的调查研究

森林地被可燃物是引起森林火灾的重要原因，掌握森林地被可燃物的载量分布，对森林火灾的预防有着十分重要的意义。通过对辽东地区不同森林类型的调查，搞清楚了一些常见的主要林型地被可燃物平均载量情况，同时对油松人工砘林、落叶松人工纯林和天然阔叶杂木林3个具有代表性的林型，按不同林分密度、林龄、坡向和坡位等因素，进行地被可燃物载量分布状况调查，结果表明，辽东中、北部地区载量大于辽东南部地区；林分密度和林龄愈大，则载量愈高；南坡载量大于北坡，北坡最小；坡位愈高，则载量愈小。     

乳化油节能降污与柴油机结构参数关系的研究

为了考察N4 85Q柴油机燃用 12 %乳化油的节能降污效果 ,本文设计了结构参数静态供油提前角和喷油压力的二因素二次正交回归旋转试验。建立了燃油消耗率与这两个参数的回归方程。利用外点惩罚函数法对回归方程进行优化 ,得出最佳的结构参数。最后绘出了柴油机在最佳结构参数下 ,燃用 12 %乳化油的节油率和降烟率曲线。     

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation — An age old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a shade loving plant grown in the Indian hill states of Sikkim and Dargeeling district of West Bengal. About 30 important tree species are used to provide shade to the cardamom plants. Alnus nepalensis, a deciduous, nitrogen fixing and fast growing tree, is the species most commonly underplanted with cardamom. In addition to providing shade, it is also used for fuelwood. The old trees are cut and young plants coming up are allowed to grow in cyclic order. The quick decomposing leaf litter of A. nepalensis also fertilises the cardamom plants. The nitrogen added to the soil in this way has been found to be as high as 249 kg/ha. Large cardamom thrives well in a moist soil, which is maintained by water diverted from seasonal springs on the upper slopes. The system is well suited to conserving soil, water and tree cover of the characteristically steep slopes of the region. Moreover, the management inputs required for growing cardamom are low but the crop gives a higher financial return than rice or maize. The shade trees used in the system are also a major source of fuel, fodder and timber, especially as access to state owned forests is restricted by legislation. However, increasing incidence of viral chirkey and foorkey disease, panicle rot and capsule borer are reducing the cardamom productivity. It has been observed that integrating dairying and apiculture will further augment profitability from large cardamom agroforestry system.