Remediation of Fly Ash Dumpsites Through Bioenergy Crop Plantation and Generation: A Review

Utilization of fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants, is a sustainable use of waste for power generation. Discarding fly ash as waste in landfills/ash ponds may not only be regarded as a loss of valuable land and essential nutrients, but also pose a significant health hazard due to fine air-borne particles and leaching of heavy metals. The presence of essential macro- and micronutrients and its porosity make fly ash an excellent soil amendment for plant growth as an organic nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) supplementation. As harmful heavy metals make fly ash unsafe for agronomy, bioenergy crop plantation and energy generation from different thermochemical conversions of the biomass would be an ideal method for coal fly ash utilization through which carbon-neutral fuel can be generated from fossil fuel, thus reducing climate change impact. This review summarizes the development of bioenergy plantation and silviculture at fly ash dumpsites with an integrated phyto-bio-rhizo-mycoremediation approach and assesses utilization of the valuable biomass for thermal energy, electricity, and biofuel generation with inclusion of a SWOT analysis (a strategic technique typically used to help identify the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat). Bioenergy crop production through integrated phytomanagement can generate billions of dollars of wealth from waste and provides a sustainable solution for fly ash management, with environmental, economic, and social benefits.     

羟丙甲纤维素对土壤水分入渗特性及水稳性团聚体的影响

通过向土壤中施加不同含量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(简称HPMC),研究了HPMC对土壤水分入渗特性及土壤水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤中施加一定量的HPMC可以显著降低土壤入渗能力,在施加量为0～1.0g/kg范围内,累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和入渗率均随施加HPMC含量的增加而显著减小;利用Philip方程和Kostiakov公式对实测数据进行拟合发现,两者均能较好模拟施加HPMC后土壤的入渗过程,随HPMC施加量的增加,吸渗率S、稳渗率A和经验系数K明显减小,经验指数β逐渐增大。(2)随HPMC含量的增加,0.25mm的水稳性团聚体百分比明显增大,供试土壤的分形维数逐渐减小,其平均重量直径与水稳性团聚体含量间呈显著正相关关系,表明施加HPMC之后,土壤结构更趋于稳定,土壤抗破坏和抗侵蚀能力增强。HPMC加入土壤后具有明显的减渗效果,一定程度上可以增加水稳性团聚体含量,改良土壤结构,并提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

新型菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料添加剂的选择与燃烧性能分析

在研制新型菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料的基础上,筛选不同添加剂[MgCO3、CaCO_3、Al2O_3、Al_2Si_2O_5(OH)_5]优化燃料,以提高生物质混合固体燃料的燃烧性能。将四种添加剂以3%比例(质量比)与菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料混合,比较了不同添加剂对混合固体燃料的灰分、结渣率、放热量、烟黑、灰熔点、烟气成分等的影响。结果表明:四种添加剂对酸性气体有明显的吸附作用,且能有效降低混合固体燃料的结渣率,其中CaCO_3添加剂使混合固体燃料的灰分含量、烟黑的林格曼指数下降最为明显。这表明,CaCO_3添加剂能有效缓解混合固体燃料中的灰分、烟黑、酸性气体的生成,提高其燃烧性能,是一种较为理想的新型菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料添加剂。     

小型制粒机喂料器参数优化与试验

采用离散元法EDEM对喂料器的工作过程进行了数值模拟,定量研究了喂料过程中喂料量的变化规律以及由于物料受螺旋叶片终止断面的影响,产生不稳定、不均匀的"脉动"喂料现象,此现象在转速较低的情况下尤其明显。以主轴直径X1、螺距X2和喂料转速X3为因素,以喂料质量流率Y1、稳定性Y2和出料口落料速度Y3为评价指标,按照3因素5水平正交旋转组合设计试验方法,利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件回归分析法和响应面分析法,建立了3个因素下喂料评价指标的数学模型。通过与研制的喂料器的实际运送情况进行对比,验证了模型的可靠性。结果表明,3个因素相对喂料质量流率和流率稳定性都具有显著相关性,显著水平分别为P0.01和P0.05,而这3个因素与出料口落料速度无明显相关性;采用响应面法对最佳参数组寻优,得到喂料器的最佳参数组合:轴径为35 mm、螺距为57 mm、转速为139(°)/s,喂料器喂料量波动性减小、喂料稳定性得到提高。采用该参数组的虚拟试验结果显示,喂料器质量流率为13.89 g/s,稳定性为8.46 g/s。实体样机验证试验表明:采用该参数组设计的喂料器可以使得小型环模制粒机的喂料质量流率提高4.28%,喂料变异系数降低16.11%。     

柴油喷雾燃烧火焰内部碳烟采集与分析

为研究碳烟颗粒在柴油喷雾火焰内部的演变规律,在可视化定容弹喷雾燃烧系统中增加一种基于热泳原理的碳烟颗粒采集装置,获得了喷雾燃烧火焰内部的碳烟颗粒样本,并在高倍透射电镜下获得样本中不同尺度的碳烟形态图像。根据图像中碳烟宏观和微观形态结构特征分析了碳烟生成、聚合等演变历程。通过自行开发的图像处理程序,分析得到碳烟颗粒尺寸参数随喷射距离的变化特征。研究表明,该方法实现柴油机缸内高温高压特征环境下碳烟颗粒的采集与高倍电镜分析技术的有机结合,有效获取柴油喷雾火焰内部碳烟颗粒微观信息,为减少柴油机碳烟排放提供了重要研究手段和基础研究信息。     

Cost analysis of a satellite terminal for forest fuel supply in Finland

As forest fuel demand increases, new logistical solutions are needed. Most of the increase in use is expected to take place in large heat and power production units which set special requirements for the supply as both procurement volumes and transport distances increase. Biomass fuel terminals broaden the spectrum of available supply options by offering cost-effective large-scale biomass storage and processing options for securing the fuel supply in all conditions. This study aimed to study different costs of a satellite terminal and to produce important concept and cost information for developing forest fuel logistics based on future terminals. The figures indicate that terminals do not create direct cost benefits per se: direct supply chains are more economical compared to supply through terminals. However, there are several indirect benefits that can be reached via fuel supply through terminals: regional fuel procurement can be widened to a national scale, security of supply increases through easily available storages, large supply volumes can be delivered by an individual operator, prices remain more stable and a more even quality of delivered fuel can be achieved.     

Bioremediation of the soil contaminated with petroleum oil products using sewage sludge

ABSTRACT

The remediation technologies of soils contaminated with petroleum products are developed in two main directions: the first one encompasses searching for new effective bioagents and the other one explores the ways to activate those microorganisms present in the soil that are capable of degrading oil. The objective of this research was to determine if it is possible to increase the effectiveness of biodegradation of petroleum products by using chemical additives. The soil was supplemented with additives: CuSO4, MnSO4, KMnO4, H2O2, 5% and 10% chemical industry plants sludge, 5% and 10% Stock Company ‘Klaipedos vanduo’ (SC‘KV’) municipal wastewater treatment plants sludge. The data suggest that all the additives statistically significantly stimulated the degradation of diesel fuel (F = 12.01; p = .001) and black oil (F = 9.93; p = .001) compared with the control. It was determined that diesel fuel was degraded the fastest in samples with KMnO4, where efficiency of degradation was 90%, and 88% efficency in samples with 10% chemical industry plants sludge. Black oil was degraded the best in samples, where KMnO4 was added: efficiency of degradation was up to 63%. In the samples with 10% of sewage sludge from chemical industry plant degradation efficiency was 62%.     

使用粪球形态指标快速判别天山马鹿的性别

通过观察来自于新疆乌鲁木齐市南山山区的未知性别的天山马鹿种群粪便样本,依粪球形态可分为2类：子弹状、枣核状。子弹状呈短粗型,长宽比较小;枣核状呈细长型,长宽比较大。140份样品中子弹状86份、枣核状54份。通过扩增SRY基因进行分子鉴定知雄性94份、雌性46份。形态分类与实际性别吻合率88.34%,即子弹状为雄性,枣核状为雌性。并以样品长、宽平均值的比值（R）为指标快速聚类,建立了判别方程,统计指出判别结果与实际性别吻合率85.48%。结果提示今后的野外研究可直接利用粪球形态判定天山马鹿性别,长宽比判别方程可作为辅助。     

林火碳排放研究进展

火是森林生态系统主要的干扰因子, 森林火灾的频繁发生不仅使森林生态系统遭到破坏, 同时也造成了含碳温室气体的大量释放。综述了火烧面积、森林可燃物以及燃烧效率等主要因子对森林火灾排放碳量估计的影响, 分析了这一领域未来研究发展趋势。大量研究表明:1)卫星遥感是估测大尺度上森林过火面积的主要手段, 随着高分辨率卫星的应用, 森林火灾面积的估计精度不断得到提高。目前的研究主要集中于大尺度上林火面积的估计和估算方法的改进。2)遥感数据是目前估计大尺度可燃物燃烧量的有效手段, 利用遥感数据的同时结合有效可燃物计算模型, 运用多元线性与非线性分析结合等方法提高对可燃物燃烧量的估计。3)燃烧效率是决定可燃物消耗量的主要因子, 也是估计森林火灾释放含碳气体量的关键。未来的研究是利用高分辨率的遥感数据, 结合复杂的可燃物计算模型, 更精确地估计林火碳排放。     

一种快速测定云南松和华山松林下细小可燃物负荷量的方法

在野外测定云南松和华山松纯林细小可燃物层平均厚度和负荷量的基础上,建立了细小可燃物层的平均厚度与负荷量的关系模型。经验证,云南松和华山松林下细小可燃物负荷量模型的平均误差分别为8.11%和10.43%。根据细小可燃物层的平均厚度推算可燃物负荷量的方法具有数据容易采集、操作简便的优点,适用于凋落物层被人为破坏的林分和灭火指挥员急需数据的紧急情况下进行可燃物负荷量的推算。