生物质固体成型燃料技术研究进展及应用效益分析

阐述了生物质固体成型燃料技术的国内外研究现状,对当前生物质成型燃料技术工艺、设备研究进展和生物质固化成型燃料应用状况进行了总结,并分析了我国生物质成型燃料应用的经济、社会和生态效益。     

政府主导下的我国木薯燃料乙醇产业发展战略

发展非粮燃料乙醇是我国应对能源危机及发展低碳经济的重要途径,政府在生物质能源发展过程中扮演着十分重要的主导者和管理者的角色,并通过制度供给、调整能源结构和利益格局,引导和推动其产业的发展。通过运用访谈、问卷等方法,以农户、企业、产业发展办公室、加油站和消费者作为对象,以全国木薯第一大县武鸣作为调研地,以木薯燃料乙醇产业发展为切入点,提出政府主导的"公司+合作社+农户"合作模式下的发展战略。     

北京山区主要针叶林可燃物空间连续性研究——可燃物水平连续性与树冠火蔓延

以北京市山区主要针叶林(侧柏林和油松林)为研究对象,通过对林分树冠可燃物的负荷量、结构、理化性质及火行为特征进行分析,建立了树冠可燃物水平连续性指数D和评估等级,并对侧柏林和油松林的可燃物水平连续性进行评估与分析。研究结果显示:可燃物负荷量对火蔓延速度的影响显著,随可燃物负荷量增大,火蔓延速度增加,增加幅度受到可燃物紧密度的影响;风速对火蔓延速度的影响十分明显,对可燃物水平连续性的影响程度大于坡度;相同风速下,油松林树冠火的蔓延速度大于侧柏林;侧柏林D的平均值为1.470(高度连续),油松林D的平均值为0.933(中度连续),侧柏林树冠火蔓延的危险性大于油松林,一旦发生火灾,侧柏林比油松林更容易形成大面积高强度树冠火;D的主要影响因素是针叶树种树冠负荷量及其空间分布,以及风速和坡度及其协同作用。     

Stochastic simulation of forest fuel sourcing models under risk

Abstract

Climate change effects such as storms and droughts are leading to increased risk of forest damage in central Europe. The aim of this paper was to evaluate forest fuel sourcing models including climate change-induced risks on forest fuel supply. Stochastic risk events, such as storms and bark beetle infestations, were modelled by means of a Monte Carlo simulation, and the economic performance was evaluated for two fuel-sourcing models supplying a single combined heat and power plant (CHP). The first sourcing model depicted a common sourcing model for Austrian CHPs, where only forest chips provided by long- and short-term suppliers were stored. The second sourcing model additionally enabled the storage of salvaged pulpwood to supply forest fuel from the plant's own inventory during shortage periods. Simulation results showed that storing salvage pulpwood as feedstock considerably reduced supply chain risks and resulted in lower procurement costs (1–3% less than normal delivered cost without storing salvaged pulpwood).     

Forest utilization patterns and socio-economic status of the Van Gujjar tribe in sub-Himalayan tracts of Uttarakhand, India

The present study was conducted on the Van Gujjar tribe inhabiting a sub-Himalayan tract in the North Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand State,India.The Van Gujjars have been practicing transmigration over hundreds of years.They migrate each year with their households and livestock between summer and winter pastures.A few years ago with the announcement of the establishment of the Rajaji National Park,the tribe has been forced out of the forest area and rehabilitated outside the park,which has affected their lifestyle.The newly established rehabilitation colony in the Gandikhata area of Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State was taken as a case study.The aims of the present study were to understand and evaluate the socio-economic status of the Van Gujjars in their newly established rehabilitation colony,the utilization pattern of forest resources by the tribe and their relative preference for selective trees for various uses.A total of 176 households were interviewed (giving equal weight to all economic classes and family every size) by using pre-structured questionnaires.The education level was very low (12.9%) and the average income per household was recorded as Rs.36000 (approximately $ 803) per year.The major source of income was dairy production (80.6%) followed by labor employment (13.9%),NTFPs (4.2%) and agricultural production (1.4%).More than 90% of fuel wood and fodder is extracted from the forest.The average fuel wood and fodder consumptions per household per day were recorded as 25.86 and 21.58 kg,respectively.A total of 35 species of cultivated plants and 89 species of wild plants were found to be utilized as food sources.Selectively 25 wild tree species are well known as being used by the Van Gujjars as fodder,fuel wood,agricultural implements,household articles,dye,medicine,fiber and other products.According to their utility value,the most preferred and useful tree species is Ougeinia oojeinensis,followed by Terminalia alata,Bombax ceiba,Shorea robusta and Dalbergia sissoo.     

一年生黑麦草制取燃料酒精发酵工艺的初步研究

 以分别经过酸预处理（１％ Ｈ₂ＳＯ₄）和碱预处理（１０％ ＮａＯＨ）,再用绿色木酶酶解的一年生黑麦草邦德（Ａｂｕｎｄａｎｔ）为材料,进行了燃料酒精发酵工艺研究。结果表明,通过预处理后,方案１（普通酵母＋毕赤酵母,体积比７∶３）的相对最优发酵条件为：温度３７℃,菌株浓度１０％,ｐＨ５．５,时间４８ｈ。方案２（普通酵母＋毕赤酵母＋黑曲霉,体积比７∶３∶２）的相对最优发酵条件为：温度３７℃,菌株浓度１２％,ｐＨ５．５,时间４８ｈ。２种方案中,菌株浓度和发酵温度是比较重要的影响因素。对于酸碱预处理而言,均是发酵方案２ 的原料酒精转化率相对较高,分别为８．３６％和８．３９％,差异不显著。     

Feed intake,digestibility, nitrogen utilization,ruminal condition and blood metabolites in wethers fed ground bamboo pellets cultured with white‐rot fungus (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora) and mixed with soybean curd residue and soy sauce cake

Three types of bamboo pellets as a ruminant feed: P1 (ground bamboo (GB) cultured with the fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (CGB) : soybean curd residue (T) : soy sauce cake (S) in a 5:4:1 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis); P2 (GB : T : S = 5:4:1 on a DM basis); and P3 (CGB : T : S = 5.5:0.8:3.7 on a DM basis) were prepared. Four wethers were assigned in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the applicability of the bamboo pellets. The experimental treatments were C (control): fed alfalfa hay cubes (AC) only, and T1, T2 and T3: fed P1, P2, and P3 with AC by 1:1 on a DM basis, respectively. The digestibility of the DM, organic matter and acid detergent fiber of P1 were significantly higher than those of P2 and P3 (P < 0.05). The total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents of AC, P1, P2 and P3 were 56.5%, 60.2%, 53.2% and 47.0%, respectively. No significant differences in nitrogen retention or ruminal pH and NH₃ were observed among the treatment groups. The results indicate that bamboo pellets cultured with C. subvermispora and mainly mixed with soybean curd residue improved nutritional quality of ground bamboo because of its high digestibility and TDN content.