基于SRTM-DEM和TM的流动沙丘提取方法研究

以塔克拉玛干沙漠的流动沙丘地貌为例,进行数字地貌形态提取方法研究。首先,利用高精度Srtm-DEM数据派生出坡度和起伏度两个地形因子数据,并参考坡度和起伏度的分类指标,实现沙地和沙丘边界线的自动提取,将风成地貌按照形态特征区分出沙地和沙丘两种地貌类型。其次,利用数学分析方法,根据斑块指数值的大小初步确定复合流动沙丘的类型。最后,基于高空间分辨率的遥感影像的色调、纹理、结构等特征,建立典型流动沙丘地貌特征的遥感影像特征图谱,依据遥感图谱进一步确定复合流动沙丘的类型,实现典型复合流动沙丘地貌形态和成因特征的计算机智能化提取方法。研究结果表明:该方法目前可以实现流动沙丘中的复合型链垄状沙丘、复合型沙垄、穹状沙丘和蜂窝状沙丘的智能化提取。     

Two-Year Weed Seedling Population Responses to a Post-Emergent Method of Site-Specific Weed Management

Field experiments were conducted to determine how a site-specific weed management practice in Zea mays L. influenced the numerical and spatial distribution of a naturally occurring weed infestation in Z. mays and the succeeding Beta vulgaris L. crop. Compared to conventional broadcast herbicide applications, site-specific herbicide applications reduced herbicide load by 11.5 and 98.0% in two separate Z. mays fields. The broad range in outcomes was attributed to the spatial aggregation and density of target weed populations. While herbicide use was successfully reduced at field locations with low weed density, most survivors of multiple control tactics were in locations with the highest initial density. A greater understanding of interactions between weed management and weed density would increase the likelihood that site-specific weed management offers long-term improvements over conventional approaches.     

Fine-scale vegetation patches decline in size and cover with increasing rainfall in Australian savannas

Fine-scale vegetation patches (<5 m in width) are critically important in many landscapes because they function to obstruct surface flows of water and wind. These obstructions increase the infiltration of runoff and the capture of nutrients in runoff sediments and in wind-blown soil and litter. The importance of redistribution of runoff into runon patches from spaces between patches (fetches) is likely to be greater in drier than in wetter environments. In this paper we examine the hypothesis that the ratio of fetch to patch decreases as rainfall increases, and that this trend will be most evident on intermediate-textured soils because these soils are more prone to runoff. We measured fine-scale patches on 38 sites with sand, loam or clay soils. Sites were located along a 1000-mm rainfall gradient in the savannas of northern Australia. The width and intercept length of patches and the fetch between patches was measuring along line transects of 100–120 m oriented down slope. We found that the ratio of fetch to patch area did not decrease with decreasing rainfall, but increased on both sand and loam soils. This result was because with increasing rainfall mean spacing between patches disproportionally increased while mean patch size and cover declined. The cover of patches was negatively correlated with tree canopy cover, which significantly increased with rainfall. This negative correlation suggests that in higher rainfall savannas the size and spacing of ground-layer patches is controlled by the tree layer, and that as rainfall decreases this control decreases and runoff-runon processes increasingly structure the landscape. For savannas on clay soils these trends were not significant except that on the highest rainfall sites the cover of ground-layer patches was nearly 100% while trees were absent.     

四川天全白沙河流域小水电梯级开发的景观要素影响研究

以水电开发前景观生态环境本底作参照,通过水电梯级开发后的景观生态现状调查以及水、声环境现状分析,探索了四川天全白沙河流域小水电梯级开发的景观要素影响,研究表明:水电梯级开发后景观要素类型发生较大的改变,逐渐向着高度人工化方向发展。水电开发一定程度上降低了植被基质连通性但对基质的孔性影响不大;破坏了湿地、耕地、荒地等生境资源斑块的生物多样性、生态过程;改变了河流廊道的宽度、曲度、连通性,水体内环境以及水电设施的廊道效应。     

中国沙棘子叶叶肉细胞电流全细胞记录的研究

实验得出适合膜片钳实验的耐盐木本植物中国沙棘子叶原生质体的游离条件,即取当天脱壳的子叶,放入渗透浓度为0.88 mol/L,pH为5.8,酶液的组分为10 g/LCellulase R-10、0.5 g/LPectolyase Y-23、1.5 g/LMacrozymeR-10、1 g/L Hemicellulase、1 g/L BSA、1 g/L PVP-40、2 mmol/L CaCl2、10 mmol/L Mes和5 mmol/L Vc的溶液中,在26℃、黑暗条件下,静置4 h。并且利用Multiclamp 700B放大器和Clampex 9.2软件,记录到了该原生质体质膜全细胞内向K 通道电流(-459.137 pA及-290.527 pA)和非选择性阳离子通道的外向电流(8.036 pA)。这为沙棘属木本植物细胞的电生理特性及其耐盐性机制关系的研究奠定基础。     

高尔夫果岭上草坪灰斑病病原菌的分离鉴定

2003-2005年从西安亚健国际高尔夫球场和郑州21世纪高尔夫练习场的果岭上采集到草坪灰斑病样品,按照柯赫氏法则对其进行了病原物的分离、纯化、致病性测定和菌株鉴定,并进行了温度和pH值对病原菌生长影响的初步研究。结果表明,病株分离物优势菌群为弯孢霉,分离频率为77.1%。致病性测定结果表明,回接后发病株率达80%以上,并产生与田间相类似的症状,病株上获得的其他分离物均不能导致灰斑病症状的出现,证实高尔夫果岭灰斑病是由弯孢霉侵染导致的一种病害。温度和pH值对病原菌生长影响的研究结果表明,该菌生长最适pH值和温度范围分别为6~8和25~30℃。     

松嫩草甸水淹恢复演替过程中羊草和寸草苔无性系种群的相互动态

羊草和寸草苔均是典型的无性系植物.在松嫩平原水淹恢复演替过程中,从5个大小不同的羊草无性系斑块的中心至外围,羊草分蘖株的数量和生物量均逐圈层减少,寸草苔则逐圈层增加.羊草平均单株生产力有逐圈层减弱,寸草苔则逐圈层增强的趋势.从半径0.5～5.0 m无性系斑块中心的羊草分蘖株数量逐渐增加,寸草苔则逐渐减少,呈现出羊草定居时间越长,斑块中心羊草分蘖株的数量越多,寸草苔则越少的趋势.随着水淹恢复演替的进程,羊草正在并将最终取代寸草苔而成为草甸群落的优势种.     

4种杀菌剂防治草坪草夏季斑枯病研究

夏季斑枯病是危害冷季型草坪草的主要病害之一,严重影响草坪质量,目前我国仍未有登记药剂防治夏季斑枯病。本研究结合室内毒力测定及田间防效检验,分析比较了嘧菌酯、稻瘟灵、丙环唑和甲基硫菌灵4种杀菌剂对夏季斑枯病菌的抑制效果,评估了药剂的田间防病效果。结果表明,丙环唑对供试的夏季斑枯病菌3株靶标菌抑制效果最佳,EC50为0.09~0.16 μg/mL;嘧菌酯次之,EC50为0.14~0.28 μg/mL;稻瘟灵和甲基硫菌灵抑制效果再次之。4种杀菌剂对夏季斑枯病害均具有较好的防控效果;其中50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂制剂用量800 g/hm2防控效果最佳,第4次药后17 d可达99.09%;25%丙环唑乳油制剂用量2 000 g/hm2防控效果次之,第4次药后17 d为93.14%。     

土壤中氮营养斑研究进展

由于自然和人为因素,营养斑(nutrient patch)在土壤中是普遍存在的。从70年代以来,国外就通过各种模拟方式对土壤中营养斑进行了大量的研究,尤其以对氮营养斑研究居多。研究表明:氮营养斑对新生根系的繁殖影响较为明显,但不同植物反应不一样,影响机理还不很清楚。营养斑也是生物活性较强、种群数量较多区域,在养分循环体系中起着特殊作用。营养斑对土壤的理化性质和生物性质可能有很大的影响,但这方面的研究很欠缺。本文主要对土壤中氮营养班的研究进展做一综述。     

柑橘褐斑病的病原分离和药物筛选

从云南马关近2 a来发生的一种柑橘褐斑病的病理组织中分离得到1株病原菌,依其培养性状和形态特征,初步鉴定为径点霉属,并比较了其对11种市售农药的敏感性。结果表明:氟硅唑、中生菌素、多抗霉素、丙森锌、氟菌唑、异菌脲6种药物对病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性较高,其中氟硅唑最灵敏,其EC50为0.03μg/mL;丙森锌和中生菌素次之,EC50分别为1.8μg/mL和3.14μg/mL;氟硅唑和百菌清对孢子的抑制效果较好,1μg/mL抑制率均在80%以上;丙森锌、佳爽和多抗霉素也有一定的保护作用。