土壤养分异质性对玉米地上部、根系生长及种内竞争的影响

为探究作物之间对土壤养分斑块利用的优先顺序及对作物根系吸收矿质营养的影响,选用玉米品种‘先玉335’为研究材料,设置根箱试验,在养分匀质和异质2种供养模式下设置5个延迟种植时间作为时间梯度对正常种植和延迟种植的玉米的地上部生物量、养分含量、根冠比(T/R)和根系长度等指标进行分析。结果表明,同一根箱内,延迟2~5 d种植的玉米地上部生物量比正常种植的玉米在养分匀质供养环境中低28.4%~74.3%,在养分异质环境中低19.2%~193.0%。延迟种植玉米的根系生物量在养分匀质供养环境中随着种植时间的加长均无显著差异;而正常种植玉米的根系生物量在异质环境中随着延迟种植时间的加长有显著增加。因此,同一根箱内,延迟种植玉米的根冠比显著高于正常种植的玉米,根系总长度和体积与根系生物量的变化趋势类似。在同一根箱内,在匀质供养环境中,正常种植和延迟种植玉米的比根长和根系组织密度在不同种植时间处理间均无显著差异;仅延迟5 d种植玉米的根系组织密度在养分异质环境中显著低于正常种植的玉米。综上,玉米利用养分资源的先后顺序会引起地上部养分产生竞争,尤其是在养分异质环境中,玉米可以通过调整自身来适应养分和竞争环境。     

基于扩展断裂点模型的农村居民点整理布局优化

农村居民点迁移合并是土地整理实施过程遇到的实际问题,其研究结果可为土地利用总体规划及镇村布局规划的编制提供依据。该文基于中心地理论,选择农村居民点斑块为研究对象,分析了农村居民点斑块综合影响力的影响因素,构建了综合影响力的评价指标体系。由层次分析法确定了指标权重,单元总分加权法计算了单元的分值,Natural breaks法划分了农村居民点斑块等级,并提出了农村居民点斑块空间布局优化的策略。之后,基于加权Voronoi图扩展断裂点模型,计算了优势农村居民点斑块的空间影响范围,研究了被迁移的农村居民点斑块的迁移方向。研究结果表明:区位因素、居民点因素、资源因素和经济因素是朱林镇农村居民点斑块综合影响力的主要影响因素。中心村、核心村、自然村和零星村落4个等级的农村居民点斑块在规模和数量上等级结构明显。不同等级的农村居民点斑块其影响力不同,应采用重点发展、限制发展、迁移合并和政策保留等策略优化农村居民点空间布局。规模小、影响力低的农村居民点斑块应迁移到附近规模大、影响力高的农村居民点斑块,以保持农村居民点斑块结构稳定。该研究结果符合朱林镇的实际情况,为镇村布局规划的编制提供了依据。     

GIS-based modeling of Javan Hawk-Eagle distribution using logistic and autologistic regression models

Few attempts have been made to model the distribution of the Javan Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi) based on predictions formulated from habitat requirements in West Java or throughout Java Island. This paper proposes a new approach to predicting probability models of Javan Hawk-Eagle (JHE) distribution using the application of logistic regression (LR) and autologistic regression (ALR) coupled with RAMAS GIS, and creating pseudo-absence data using a normalized difference vegetation index from remote sensing data. Habitat requirements of 11 nest-sites in Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park (TNGP) and its surrounding areas were analyzed and quantified, and the model was validated in southern parts of West Java. The final LR model was used as the starting point for fitting ALR models that account for spatial autocorrelation through the addition of an autocovariate variable using several different neighborhood sizes ranging from 450 m (15 × 15 moving window size, or equal to 20.25 ha) to 1500 m (50 × 50 moving window size, or equal to 225 ha) using 300 m interval. The best model was the ALR model with a 1500 m autocovariate that agreed with the distance between nests in TNGP and the mean home range size in Java. This model showed a significant increase in overall accuracy and successfully removed misclassified pixels. Based on our results, we recommend five strategies for the management and conservation of JHE habitat, including integrated conservation management and increased regulation of wildlife reserves.     

牦牛粪沉积下高寒草甸植物群落种间关联研究

植物群落构成和种间关联,反映物种在空间上的分布及相互依存和制约关系。为探究牦牛粪沉积和植被斑块互作下草地植物群落演变趋势及稳定性机制,以青藏高原东北缘高寒草甸禾草/杂类草斑块和嵩草/杂类草斑块为对象,分析牦牛粪沉积下两种斑块中主要植物种的重要值(IV)、Jaccard种间关联指数和Spearman秩相关系数的变化规律。结果表明,1)粪沉积使禾草/杂类草斑块的建群种扁穗冰草的IV增加和西北针茅的IV降低,嵩草/杂类草斑块的建群种线叶嵩草的IV降低;2)禾草/杂类草斑块中,粪沉积(DP)和对照(CK)的正负关联种对比为0.61和0.63,显著联结种对为6.6%和6.4%;嵩草/杂类草斑块中,DP和CK的正负关联种对比为0.90和0.72,显著联结种对为2.8%和14.5%;且二者显著联结的种对多存在于优势种或亚优势种与伴生种之间;3)两种斑块中多数种对间联结性弱,群落处于不稳定阶段;粪沉积使嵩草/杂类草斑块的稳定性增强,利于禾草/杂类草斑块的演变;4)依据优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因子,将两种斑块的群落植物种划分为喜阳耐旱植物、喜阴喜湿植物和喜阳喜湿植物三大生态种组。     

北京地区草坪草夏季斑枯病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性及其Cytb序列分析

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了水杨肟酸 (SHAM) 对草坪草夏季斑枯病菌Magnaporthe poae菌丝生长及其对嘧菌酯敏感性的影响,并在此基础上测定了采自北京地区的114株夏季斑枯病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性;扩增并分析了夏季斑枯病菌细胞色素b基因 (Cytb) 部分序列,以期探寻该病原菌对嘧菌酯敏感性下降的分子机制。结果显示:不同浓度SHAM对菌丝生长的抑制作用差异显著 (F = 20.812,P < 0.000 1);添加SHAM (40 μg/mL) 与否,嘧菌酯对菌丝生长的抑制中浓度 (EC₅₀) 无显著差异 (F = 0.041 0,P = 0.842 3)。嘧菌酯对供试114株菌株的EC₅₀值范围为0.001 0~0.146 5 μg/mL,平均值为 (0.017 4 ± 0.026 1) μg/mL。供试夏季斑枯病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性频率不符合正态性分布 (W = 0.499 7, P < 0.05),表明群体中已出现对嘧菌酯敏感性下降的亚群体;连续单峰频次分布为70.18%的菌株 (W = 0.970 8,P = 0.064 0 > 0.05) 的平均EC₅₀值为 (0.007 8 ± 0.003 7) μg/mL,该值可作为夏季斑枯病菌对嘧菌酯的相对敏感性基线。比对分析获得夏季斑枯病菌Cytb的部分序列 (8 639 bp),进一步扩增发现对嘧菌酯敏感性存在差异的12株菌株均在该序列上紧临143位密码子处插入了一段长1 956 bp的内含子,且在Cytb的129、137和143位密码子上未出现与抗性相关的点突变。上述结果可为草坪草夏季斑枯病的有效防治提供依据,同时可为深入探寻病原菌对甲氧基丙烯酸酯类 (QoIs) 杀菌剂敏感性下降的分子机制提供参考。     

风景游憩林斑块抚育法研究

风景游憩林的景观基础是森林健康与近自然,其抚育因城、因地、因林而异;风景游憩林斑块抚育法以目标森林斑块为抚育作业单元,以斑块重要性评价、林木等级评价为关键步骤,以单株标号、单株择伐、丛(团、块)状择伐、定位补植为主要措施,具有较强的针对性与较高的灵活度。     

Exploring habitat patch clusters based on network community detection to identify restored priority areas of ecological networks in urban areas

Ecological connectivity is the foundation of maintaining urban biodiversity and ecosystem health. Identifying and managing ecological (connectivity) networks can help maintain the stability of urban ecosystems. However, few studies have explored the cluster effect in the ecological network caused by the imbalance in connectivity strength between habitat patches, which is not conducive to the in-depth restoration of ecological networks. In the present study, a typical urban area, Shenzhen, was used as an example to analyze the important habitats in the city based on the focal species and to identify an ecological network. Habitat patch clusters in the ecological network were explored based on random walk network community detection. These are clusters of closely connected habitat lands. Finally, we analyzed existing urban policies for the protection of clusters and the points to be repaired in the network. The results showed that 50 ecological corridors connected 39 habitats in the study area, which further formed seven habitat patch clusters. Most of the clusters were well-protected by existing policies. Nineteen barrier points were identified between the clusters, and their restoration helped strengthen the connectivity between clusters. This study provides a reference for future urban ecological restoration.     

车八岭国家级自然保护区森林景观的斑块特征

利用植被图 ,在 GIS软件 ARC/INFO支持下对车八岭国家级自然保护区森林景观要素的斑块特征进行了研究。结果表明 :5种森林类型斑块中 ,马尾松林斑块所占面积最大 ,中亚热带山地常绿阔叶林斑块平均面积最大 ,中亚热带丘陵低山常绿阔叶林斑块总周长和平均斑块周长最大 ;景观破碎化的形成存在 2种机制 ,即人为破坏后相互切割造成和地形造成 ;斑块的形状指数表明受干扰较少的、面积较大的斑块不规则程度较高 ,森林斑块间分形维数不存在显著差异 ,具有一致的分形维数 1.382     

两个草坪草褐斑病预测模型的检验

在北京地区匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera)草坪上,针对两个褐斑病预测模型-S94和F96预测模型,进行立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)褐斑病的发生预测检验。通过收集2005、2006年7、8月的相关气象数据,利用两个预测模型进行褐斑病的发生预测。将S94和F96模型的褐斑病预测发生期与实际观测的褐斑病发生期进行比对,结果显示:S94预测模型在试验期间对褐斑病的错误预测率FAR为0.05,预测可能发生值POD为0.83,预测成功指数CSI为0.80,预测病害持续期准确率为91%;F96预测模型在试验期间对褐斑病的错误预测率FAR为0.05,预测可能发生值POD为0.83,预测成功指数CSI为0.80,预测病害持续期准确率为64%。两个预测模型均表现出了较高的预测准确率,可以在北京地区匍匐翦股颖草坪上进行褐斑病的发生预测。