Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches to the study of long‐term soil degradation: A case study from Schleswig‐Holstein,Germany

Soil degradation is a serious problem and an important environmental issue in many ecosystems. Without integrative, interdisciplinary and historical approaches, understanding the effects of long‐term soil degradation is difficult. According to this idea it is hypothesized that in order to study long‐term natural and human‐induced soil degradation, it is necessary to use interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches with respect to temporal and spatial landscape changes. The results of the investigation of colluvial sediments and soils in research area in Schleswig‐Holstein (Germany) with a high resolution in space and time—using the four‐dimensional landscape analysis—indicated the temporal and spatial variation of soils and sediments from the Mesolithic until Modern times. Intensive soil degradation occurred as a result of the land clearance and agricultural land use in the investigation areas since the Neolithic time. The general results of this investigation show that the use of an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach with pedological and geomorphological perspectives for different times and places can help to reconstruct the long‐term natural and human‐induced soil degradation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤溅蚀过程和研究方法综述

土壤溅蚀是土壤侵蚀过程的开始,是指由于降雨雨滴打击土壤表层,引起土壤颗粒分散和迁移的一种侵蚀过程,是导致坡面水蚀的一个重要威胁因子。因此,土壤溅蚀是土壤侵蚀的重要形式和组成部分,具有重要的研究意义。土壤溅蚀过程和研究方法是土壤溅蚀领域研究的核心内容。论文根据有关资料,综述了国内外土壤溅蚀过程和研究方法方面的主要成果,并对将来的研究方向进行了展望,以期推动我国在该领域的研究工作。国内外研究表明,土壤溅蚀是土壤侵蚀的主要过程之一,是各种水文过程、水力过程和生态过程的综合表现,是复杂的降雨因子和土壤因子共同作用的结果,涉及一系列关于降雨雨滴与地表间的能量转换过程。测量土壤溅蚀的方法主要有溅蚀杯、溅蚀板和溅蚀盘。进一步的研究应致力于土壤溅蚀的力学过程和森林土壤溅蚀过程方面的探讨。     

优质蛋白玉米选育的分子遗传途径

本文综述了opaque突变基因及其修饰基因的最新研究进展。从分子生物学角度分析了优质蛋白玉米育种过程中突变基因及修饰基因改善蛋白质品质和控制籽粒性状的遗传机理,提出了利用突变基因及修饰基因减少玉米醇溶蛋白,增进玉米品质的思路。     

APPROACHES FOR ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF LONG BONES IN THE DOG

The objective of this study was to identify access portals for ultrasonographic evaluation of canine long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia). A 7.5 MHz linear transducer was used in five medium-sized dogs (range of 25-35 kg body weight). Good approaches could be identified for all long bones. For the proximal humerus, a cranial portal, and the distal humerus, a lateral portal is suggested. For the radius and ulna, a craniolateral approach seemed to be the best. In the hindlimb, a medial approach for the femur and a craniolateral approach for the tibia were the most effective approaches.     

参与式教学法在《饲料卫生与安全学》课程教学中的应用

为了激发学生对《饲料卫生与安全学》课程的学习兴趣,提高该课程的教学效果,在教学中引入了参与式教学法。通过吸纳学生参与教学目标内容设计、采用体现学生主体的有效教学活动形式、实行促进学生发展的学习成效评价等方面的研究与实践,激发了其学习积极性和兴趣,同时也提高了教学质量。     

吉林省农田生态环境问题及其对粮食生产的影响

详细叙述了吉林省农田自然环境、面源污染和耕地土壤退化现状,产地环境变化对粮食产量的影响。回顾了主要气象灾害、面源污染及耕地质量退化形成的原因,分析了30年来,粮食产量波动规律及自然灾害对农业生产造成的经济损失。以此为基础,提出了解决吉林省粮食生产可持续的关键技术措施,认为科学施肥,提高利用率,增加土壤有机质,提高耕地生产力是解决粮食可持续的关键技术环节。粮食可持续关键技术的有效实施,可以促进吉林省农田生态环境的改善,增加粮食品质,保障粮食生产可持续发展。     

高职生自我教育能力及其培养问题思考

阐述了自我教育的内涵、形成的原因及高职生自我教育的特征，探讨了增强高职生自我教育能力的四条途径，即认识自我，激发学生自我教育的动机；确立目标，保证学生自我教育的实施；激励自我，提高自我教育的耐挫力；完善自我，塑造健康的自我。     

跟踪采访在参与式技术开发中的应用--以"滇西北农牧生计改良项目"饲料技术开发为例

为了解决滇西北农牧区的冬季饲料紧缺问题,在滇西北贡山县迪麻洛村进行了外来草种和青贮饲料试验.试验采用的主要方法是跟踪采访.跟踪采访的主要内容是监测试验的进展、农户所使用的传统知识以及农户对技术的评价等.在参与式农户试验的条件下,跟踪采访是参与式试验的有效互补手段.     

参与式扶贫与农村可持续性发展--参与式方法在乡镇工作中的实践

本文介绍了参与式扶贫思路对乡镇政府工作的影响.参与式扶贫思路在乡镇的成功实践,证明了应用该思路实施农村扶贫和推进农村经济可持续发展的有效性,及其在农村减贫致富中的推动作用.     

Biodiversity management approaches for stream–riparian areas: Perspectives for Pacific Northwest headwater forests,microclimates, and amphibians

Stream–riparian areas represent a nexus of biodiversity, with disproportionate numbers of species tied to and interacting within this key habitat. New research in Pacific Northwest headwater forests, especially the characterization of microclimates and amphibian distributions, is expanding our perspective of riparian zones, and suggests the need for alternative designs to manage stream–riparian zones and their adjacent uplands. High biodiversity in riparian areas can be attributed to cool moist conditions, high productivity and complex habitat. All 47 northwestern amphibian species have stream–riparian associations, with a third being obligate forms to general stream–riparian areas, and a quarter with life histories reliant on headwater landscapes in particular. Recent recognition that stream-breeding amphibians can disperse hundreds of meters into uplands implies that connectivity among neighboring drainages may be important to their population structures and dynamics. Microclimate studies substantiate a “stream effect” of cool moist conditions permeating upslope into warmer, drier forests. We review forest management approaches relative to headwater riparian areas in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, and we propose scenarios designed to retain all habitats used by amphibians with complex life histories. These include a mix of riparian and upslope management approaches to address the breeding, foraging, overwintering, and dispersal functions of these animals. We speculate that the stream microclimate effect can partly counterbalance edge effects imposed by upslope forest disturbances, hence appropriately sized and managed riparian buffers can protect suitable microclimates at streams and within riparian forests. We propose one approach that focuses habitat conservation in headwater areas – where present management allows extensive logging – on sensitive target species, such as tailed frogs and torrent salamanders that often occur patchily. Assuming both high patchiness and some concordance among the distribution of sensitive species, protecting areas with higher abundances of these animals could justify less protection of currently unoccupied or low-density habitats, where more intensive forest management for timber production could occur. Also, we outline an approach that protects juxtaposed headwater patches, retaining connectivity among sub-drainages using a 6th-field watershed spatial scale for assuring well-distributed protected areas across forested landscapes. However, research is needed to test this approach and to determine whether it is sufficient to buffer downstream water quality and habitat from impacts of headwater management. Offering too-sparse protection everywhere is likely insufficient to conserve headwater habitats and biodiversity, while our alternative targeted protection of selected headwaters does not bind the entire forest landscape into a biodiversity reserve.