三江源牧户参与草地生态保护的意愿

牧民对环境保护的响应是生态保护战略有效实施的关键,主体参与意愿直接影响生态保护项目实施的成效和可持续性,是区域生态经济可持续发展的前提。通过对三江源地区约283户藏族牧民通过翻译进行结构式访谈,采用Logistic模型从主体角度探讨了牧户愿意参与生态保护行为响应的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)三江源区域约87%的牧户认为生态保护对牧户有好处,但受各种内外部因素的影响只有近70%的牧户是在政府主导下基于有限理性而被动的参与生态保护行为响应。(2)三江源牧户参与生态保护行为响应的意愿主要受当地政府的保护力度及牧户对生态保护外部性的认知水平、生计水平、外界接触程度、工作机会的正影响,并受牧户的年龄、离中心城镇的距离和区域气候恶劣情况等因素的负影响,系数依次为:2.22、3.98、1.93、2.26、1.48、-1.63、-2.43、-0.92。(3)牧户的生计水平、退化感知和外部性认知是影响三江源牧户参与生态保护意愿的关键因素,牧户参与生态保护意愿的概率不仅仅是牧户出于自身利益和未知风险考虑下被动的响应,更是当地政府的环境知识宣传和保护投入影响下个体的抉择结果。(4)创造更多的就业机会和解决牧户的单一化生计问题,构建完善地生态补偿机制让牧户分享生态保护的外部性效益,并激励牧户主动参与生态保护行为响应,才能最终实现区域生态保护、牧户幸福和生态经济可持续发展的多赢局面。     

An institutional case study of Japanese Water Users Association: towards successful participatory irrigation management

This paper examines irrigation management conduct within the Japanese Water Users Association (WUA), namely the Land Improvement District (LID). LID is regarded as a successful case of participatory irrigation management (PIM), in which there are few conflicts over water between farmers so that it attains high social cost performance. However, the management system of LID still remains obscure. We throw light on this system assuming the existence of "the rule of fairness". Farmers operate the irrigation facilities in a self-serving way and have their own rule of fairness, such as upstream superiority, based on the long-term experiences of irrigation systems. We defined this rule of fairness as made up of two components: one is "fairness of outcome" and the other is "fairness of procedure". Finally, we discovered that the approach of LID staff is the essential factor to satisfying the farmers' criteria of fairness and maintaining peace; LID staff place importance on farmers' customary rules, taking care to remain neutral in arbitrating quarrels between farmers and trying to ensure organizational transparency to farmers. This can be also a good lesson for future PIM projects.     

公众参与城镇居民生活用水水价探析

水价是引导水资源合理配置,促进节水型社会建设的有效手段之一。公众参与水价制定是供水方、用水方和政府共同参与,既能够客观全面反映水资源价值、供水成本、环境成本在内的,又能充分代表用水方利益的新型水资源价格形成模式。应用公众参与水价制定理论,以新疆石河子市为例,通过抽样问卷调查、分析、综合评价等途径对研究区生活用水进行了定价探析。结果表明：公众参与制定的石河子市生活用水水价更能反映其水资源的稀缺性,通过宣传教育来逐步提高现状水价,充分利用价格杠杆的约束效应来构建节水型社会是该市当前水务改革的重点。     

Sunflower Seeds and Their Products

ABSTRACT

Academic communication and discourse requires access to scientific journals and documents. This study examines the delivery time, costs, and quality of five commercial suppliers of scientific documents. Fifty-three agricultural article requests were ordered simultaneously from The British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC), The Canadian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (CISTI), Information Express (IE), Infotrieve (INFO), UnCover (UNCOVER). Data were gathered on each supplier's performance in filling the requests, the delivery time, the costs, and the quality of the articles supplied. The results of this study showed comparative strengths and limitations. BLDSC, CISTI, and IE were all similar, consistently delivering high quality documents. INFO alone was able to deliver all 53 requested articles. UNCOVER showed two strengths, delivering the requested documents quickly and replying back if the article order was cancelled.     

农业科技推广中的社会性别敏感分析及应对策略：基于NGO组织在陕西眉县槐西村的调查

对我国传统的农业科技推广方式进行探讨后发现,在农业女性化趋势下,农业科技成果推广效率缺失的关键是存在社会性别盲点.在科技推广中关注农村社区的社会性别敏感进而强调农村妇女参与应成为研究的重要方面.基于对陕西省眉县项目村的实地调查,微观地分析了农村社区的社会性别现状和问题,提出了社会性别敏感的外部干预对策,以期对现有农业科技推广模式的改进有所帮助.     

扩大农民有序政治参与的路径与方法

当前,制约我国农民政治参与的因素主要是参与渠道不畅、农民的参与能力不强和农村基层党组织领导农民政治参与的能力不强。扩大农民有序政治参与的路径包括:完善村民自治制度、县乡人民代表大会制度、信访制度和建立健全农民专业合作组织制度,拓宽农民的政治参与渠道,使农民参与愿望在体制内得到充分满足。加大宣传力度和思想政治教育力度,增强农民的政治参与意识,加强民主训练,从根本上提高农民的政治参与能力。改进农村党支部领导村民自治的方式方法,提高农村基层党组织领导农民政治参与的能力。     

社区参与乡村旅游环境系统维护的实证研究——以井陉县于家村为例

从实证研究的角度,以井陉县于家村社区参与旅游发展为例,阐述了社区参与旅游环境系统维护的必要性,展开了于家村居民对乡村旅游意向的调查,同时根据调查结果,提出了于家村社区参与乡村旅游的维护措施。     

Eco thinking Model of Modern Landscape Design PhilosophiesIllustrated with a Case Study of South Entrance of Tongniuling in Dalian

We discussed the trends and challenges of rapid urbanization for modern landscape from a development viewpoint. We analyzed the problems of modern landscape in P. R. China. Based on ecological principles, we proposed a corresponding eco-thinking model composing eco-thinking of vision, culture, environmental protection and public participation. We carried out a case study of the south entrance of Tongniuling Scenic Spot in Dalian. We constructed diverse scenarios according to the leading factors selected by factor analysis. We assessed them with the Delphi method and public anticipation. The priority rating was, in order, scenario number 2 (48.3%), number 1 (30.5%) and number 3 (15.7%). Scenario number 2 was the best for its prominent visual image, typical culture presentation, weaker disturbance and reasonable cost. Scenario numbers 1 and 3 took culture and environment as leading factors, respectively. The cost of the former was low while the latter was high. Our work indicates that the eco-thinking model, as a brand-new thinking for modern landscape, is feasible.     

中国乡村社区参与旅游开发研究

为了更好的促进乡村旅游的可持续发展,促进农村剩余劳动力就业问题的解决,促进“三农问题”的解决,社区参与乡村旅游的问题亟待研究。笔者通过对中国社区参与乡村旅游的现状进行分析,和对国内外社区参与乡村旅游的成功模式进行总结的基础上,提出了中国在加强社区参与乡村旅游方面的几点建议。建议主要包括加强认识社区参与乡村旅游的必要性,并深刻挖掘其内涵,大力提倡社区参与,扩大专题交流,因地制宜,与时俱进,加强社区居民的培训,在把握可持续发展原则的基础上实现规范化、制度化和高效化。     

Land degradation assessment in Southern Africa: integrating local and scientific knowledge bases

Recent attempts to address land degradation have seen calls for greater integration of scientific expertise with local knowledges. In this paper we investigate the potential for such combined understandings to enhance the accuracy, coverage and relevance of land degradation assessment. We followed a participatory approach, using methods from a variety of disciplines, to elicit potential land degradation indicators from communities in Botswana and Swaziland. These indicators were then assessed according to local and scientific understandings. We noted a significant overlap between scientific and local knowledges about land degradation in most instances. Where discrepancies occurred, the integrated participatory approach we used allows appropriate explanation to be reached, supporting the case that such an iterative process can lead to both accurate and relevant monitoring of land degradation. However, the incorporation of integrated knowledges into national policy has not been widespread in either country, suggesting that much greater efforts are required to institutionalise participatory land degradation assessment methodologies. Powerful, often neo‐Malthusian narratives of degradation continue to dominate policy discourse and limit the extent to which hybrid combined local and scientific knowledges can enhance land degradation assessment on a national and regional scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.