Effects of construction defects on hydraulic performance of Kalpani distributary, NWFP, Pakistan

The hydraulic performance of canals designed to deliver water by proportional allocation is highly dependent on the accuracy of construction of water division structures. If construction is inaccurate then inequity of water delivery is built into the system from the onset. A survey of hydraulic performance of Kalpnai distributary in NWFP Pakistan immediately after construction showed that the canal could only deliver 90% of designed discharge due to deficiencies in construction of two siphons, and that the tail end of the canal only received 70% of designed discharge. When operated at 70% of design discharge tail end reaches received 50% of designed discharge. Measurements of outlet structures showed that 57% of structures were built as intended and had not been damaged. All orifice outlets delivered more than 115% of design discharge and on average delivered 40% more than intended. Only 20% of open flumes were within 10% of design width, while 58% were more than 30% wider. As a result of these construction defects many watercourses were able to obtain much higher discharges than intended. The lack of control gates means there is no managerial remedy to redress the existing inequity. The only solution is to reconstruct a high proportion of outlet structures. Potential causes of poor construction are many, including lack of involvement of the agency responsible for subsequent operation, lack of dialogue with water users, and lack of accountability built into the project framework.     

农地整治项目农户有效参与的影响机理

[目的]研究农地整治项目农户有效参与的影响机理,为政府国土部门制定提高农户有效参与的激励政策提供依据与参考。[方法]运用分位数回归以及反事实分位数分解模型,基于湖北省15个县(市、区)的26个农地整治项目的样本数据,分析农户有效参与的影响机理,同时探究丘陵工程模式区与岗前平原模式区农户有效参与的差异及成因。[结果](1)从整体情况看,参与能力的增强,参与机会的增加,以及参与动力的提升对提高农户有效参与度均有着重要的影响。(2)从不同区域农户有效参与差异来看,由参与能力造成的特征差异解释了农户有效参与度差异的绝大部分,但是由参与机会和参与动力造成的地域系数差异同样农户有效参与中不可忽略的影响因素。[结论]参与能力的增强,参与机会的增加,参与动力的提升对农户有效参与度均有重要的影响;同时政府国土部门应结合不同区域农地整治项目的实际开展情况,有针对性地制定相关激励政策,以期改善各地农地整治项目中农户有效参与的情况。     

农村居民点整理不同阶段农户参与行为影响因素分析

为探讨农村居民点整理中农户参与行为机制及其影响因素,该文基于江苏省5县531个农户的调研数据,实证分析了不同农村居民点整理阶段农户参与行为特征及其影响因素的差异。结果表明:1)不同农村居民点整理阶段,显著影响农户参与行为的因素存在较大差异。2)所有因素中,农户整理内容认知对农户整体参与行为、决策制定参与行为影响分别在5%及1%的水平上显著;农户参与能力认知对农户决策制定参与行为、施工建设参与行为的影响分别在1%及10%的水平上显著;来自外部环境中的政府支持度对农户整体参与行为的影响在5%的水平上显著,对农户施工建设参与行为以及后期管护参与行为的影响则均在1%的水平上显著。3)农户受教育年数以及家庭年收入均未对任何类型的农户参与行为产生显著影响。建议未来应制定差别化政策激励农户全过程参与,并着重于信息公开制度的完善、农户参与能力的提升、参与程序的制定以及参与外部制度环境的建设。     

Recreational sea fishing in Europe in a global context—Participation rates,fishing effort,expenditure, and implications for monitoring and assessment

Marine recreational fishing (MRF) is a high‐participation activity with large economic value and social benefits globally, and it impacts on some fish stocks. Although reporting MRF catches is a European Union legislative requirement, estimates are only available for some countries. Here, data on numbers of fishers, participation rates, days fished, expenditures, and catches of two widely targeted species were synthesized to provide European estimates of MRF and placed in the global context. Uncertainty assessment was not possible due to incomplete knowledge of error distributions; instead, a semi‐quantitative bias assessment was made. There were an estimated 8.7 million European recreational sea fishers corresponding to a participation rate of 1.6%. An estimated 77.6 million days were fished, and expenditure was €5.9 billion annually. There were higher participation, numbers of fishers, days fished and expenditure in the Atlantic than the Mediterranean, but the Mediterranean estimates were generally less robust. Comparisons with other regions showed that European MRF participation rates and expenditure were in the mid‐range, with higher participation in Oceania and the United States, higher expenditure in the United States, and lower participation and expenditure in South America and Africa. For both northern European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Moronidae) and western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) stocks, MRF represented 27% of the total removals. This study highlights the importance of MRF and the need for bespoke, regular and statistically sound data collection to underpin European fisheries management. Solutions are proposed for future MRF data collection in Europe and other regions to support sustainable fisheries management.     

外出务工对留守人员农业劳动供给的影响——基于CFPS2012的实证分析

基于中国家庭动态追踪调查数据CFPS2012实证分析了家庭成员外出务工对留守人员农业劳动供给的影响。研究结果表明:1)家庭成员外出务工会负向影响留守人员的农业劳动供给,随着外出务工率的提升,留守人员的农业劳动参与率和劳动供给时间均会随之下降。2)家庭成员外出务工后,留守老人和留守女性的农业劳动供给也会相应减少。3)如果不考虑内生性和样本选择偏差,则会低估外出务工对留守人员农业劳动供给的影响。     

基于社区参与的乡村旅游业态网络化发展模式研究--以浙江金大田村为例

针对我国乡村旅游发展中存在的问题、特征和要求,指出现代乡村旅游的可持续需要依靠乡村自身的力量和社区居民主动的参与才能实现。分析了乡村旅游影响下的乡村社区结构特征,探讨了乡村旅游发展模式与乡村社区的耦合关系,通过对乡村旅游资源和社区力量的整合,从社区村民从事乡村旅游的可能性和参与方式入手,对乡村旅游业态进行网络化组织,建立公共资源型业态、平台型投资业态、小微企业业态和一般性投资业态,实现乡村社区要素与旅游发展之间的良性互动。并以金大田村为例论证了基于社区发展建立乡村旅游网络化模式的可行性,依靠社区的力量实现乡村旅游的可持续、乡土文化的保护传承和乡村经济的再生。     

市场参与下贵州农村反贫困问题实证研究

在政府扶贫资金使用效益不断下降、政府投入难以满足我国农村反贫困需求的现实下,探索市场参与的农村反贫困模式就显得十分重要。通过对贵州省目前市场参与反贫困实践的实证观察,分析总结了贵州省目前市场参与农村反贫困的不同模式、经验做法以及存在的主要问题,探寻了完善贵州省市场参与农村反贫困的对策措施。     

广西大明山自然保护区生态旅游开发中的社区参与研究

社区参与是生态旅游开发中的主要内容之一,采用问卷调查和访谈的方式。对广西大明山周边6个村（屯）的居民进行随机抽样调查。结果显示,大明山周边社区居民虽然对生态旅游开发现状不满意,但对生态旅游的参与具有很强的主观愿望,针对存在的问题,提出相应的对策。     

影响农村居民投票选举意愿的因素分析

本文利用第一手的农户调查数据,采用有序Probit模型,从农户特征、村集体特征、候选人特征和社会资本四个方面来分析影响农村居民投票选举意愿的因素的方向和强度。研究结果表明：①农户自身特征中的投票选举面貌、家人是否在村办企业工作这二个变量对农户投票选举参与意愿在统计上有显著的正向影响;而年龄、文化程度、是否有非农就业、是否曾经担任过干部这四个变量在统计上不显著。②村集体特征中仅有是否有过过往纠纷这一变量表现出对农户投票选举参与意愿有统计上的显著影响;有无投票误工补贴、公共服务水平、对上届村干部的工作满意程度这三个变量对农村居民投票选举参与意愿的影响均不显著;③竞选规范程度、候选人特征这二个变量表现出对农户投票选举参与意愿有统计上的显著影响,竞选激烈程度、自家人有无参加候选人提名、有无拉票行为以及乡镇政府介入与否这四个变量对农村居民投票选举参与意愿的影响不显著;④是否参与经济组织、家里是否有人当干部这二个社会资本变量对农村居民投票选举参与意愿的影响均不显著。     

沟通式规划方法在我国土地利用总体规划中的应用

作为公众参与规划诸理论中的一种,“沟通式规划理论”的思想基础和区别于传统规划的特点使其在土地利用总体规划中将有所作为。通过分析表明,沟通式规划方法有助于编制更合理、科学和可操作性更强的土地利用总体规划,利于社会公平,促使人们在规划和实践过程中更多地采用协作的方式。笔者还就该方法在我国土地利用总体规划中应用的规划和主体界定,规划程序分析,组织机构设置和制度建立等重要问题进行了研究,研究结果将为公众参与我国新一轮土地利用总体规划的编制和实施提供参考。