The use of compensatory and non-compensatory multi-criteria analysis for small-scale forestry

Small-scale farm forestry has the potential to offer many benefits both to landholders and the wider community. As with all changes in land-use practices, there are associated benefits and costs and these are not uniformly distributed. They have varying impacts on the different values, aspirations, goals and objectives that exist within the community. Furthermore, the community does not consider these values, aspirations, goals and objectives of equal importance. The degree of concern can vary from minor to high and overriding all other considerations. When evaluating farm forestry options it is necessary to address all of these concerns. This paper examines the combined use compensatory and non-compensatory multi-criteria analyses to evaluate forestry options, in a case study for the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia. These aggregation techniques are found to be highly complementary and together provide a comprehensive analysis. The compensatory technique provides a sound measure of overall performance of a forestry system, whereas the non-compensatory technique alerts decision-makers to presence of particularly poor performance with respect to individual criteria. The compensatory technique used is simple and understandable even for those with non-mathematical backgrounds. This analysis can identify and aid communication of the relative benefits and costs, and trade-offs, between economic, environmental and social considerations.     

基于公众参与的珠海市最佳观景点评价研究

通过向公众征集,筛选出珠海市51处观景点作为研究对象,以专家学派景观评价为基础,结合公众的主观评价因素,建立珠海市观景点评价指标体系,包含景观性、开发价值及影响力3个准则层因子和10个指标层因子。采用客观评价与公众主观打分相结合的方式对观景点进行评分,并根据评价结果将观景点分为3个等级,10个Ⅰ级观景点被评选为珠海市最佳观景点。对最佳观景点的各指标得分进行分析,提出整合现状资源、完善配套设施的观景点建设策略;针对最佳观景点分布集中的情况,提出以策划游线、完善慢行系统等规划措施串联最佳观景点,充分发挥其集群优势,提升珠海市最佳观景点的影响力和吸引力。     

国土空间规划背景下PPGIS在风景园林规划与设计的应用初探

随着国土空间规划体系正式建立和高质量发展时代来临,风景园林规划与设计相关领域也出现了新的发展动向：公众参与逐渐走进国内大众视野。公众参与地理信息系统（PPGIS）作为连接公众和空间规划与设计的技术桥梁具有重大研究意义。分析了 PPGIS 理论体系及研究现状,初步构想了 PPGIS 在风景园林规划与设计中的应用及研究内容：空间数据获取及量化分析、过程监控及后评估、可视化人机交互技术、面向实施的公众参与和多元创新机制等,并提出存在问题和发展方向。     

Breeding programmes for smallholder sheep farming systems: II. Optimization of cooperative village breeding schemes

A simulation study was conducted to optimize a cooperative village‐based sheep breeding scheme for Menz sheep of Ethiopia. Genetic gains and profits were estimated under nine levels of farmers' participation and three scenarios of controlled breeding achieved in the breeding programme, as well as under three cooperative flock sizes, ewe to ram mating ratios and durations of ram use for breeding. Under fully controlled breeding, that is, when there is no gene flow between participating (P) and non‐participating (NP) flocks, profits ranged from Birr 36.9 at 90% of participation to Birr 21.3 at 10% of participation. However, genetic progress was not affected adversely. When there was gene flow from the NP to P flocks, profits declined from Birr 28.6 to Birr ?3.7 as participation declined from 90 to 10%. Under the two‐way gene flow model (i.e. when P and NP flocks are herded mixed in communal grazing areas), NP flocks benefited from the genetic gain achieved in the P flocks, but the benefits declined sharply when participation declined beyond 60%. Our results indicate that a cooperative breeding group can be established with as low as 600 breeding ewes mated at a ratio of 45 ewes to one ram, and the rams being used for breeding for a period of two years. This study showed that farmer cooperation is crucial to effect genetic improvement under smallholder low‐input sheep farming systems.     

民族地区社区参与旅游现状与对策研究--以贵州云峰屯堡景区为例

指出了社区公众参与旅游是影响旅游景区经营管理绩效的重要因素,也是评价旅游景区良性发展的重要指标。分析了民族地区社区参与旅游发展中所存在的问题,以贵州云峰屯堡景区为例,对近年来其在经营管理上存在的问题进行了深入探讨,提出了解决问题的有效途径。     

基于社会表象理论的社区参与旅游开发研究——以福州鼓岭风景区为例

为了促进风景区旅游的可持续发展,以福州鼓岭风景区为例,基于社会表象理论,通过半结构式的访谈分析发现,鼓岭景区社区居民通过社会互动、媒体和直接经验获得的旅游发展的表象偏向积极,但迫于客观条件的限制,如资金、相关技术知识和政策支持等缺少,以及对旅游表象理解的不全面,导致当地居民暂处于表层的旅游参与。最后根据调查结果,提出提高社区居民参与景区旅游的开发建议。     

Recreational angling markets to advance the conservation of a reach of the Western Ramganga River,India

• 1. Mahseer fishes of the genus Tor are ‘iconic species’ in Indian rivers, representing ‘flagship’ species for conservation purposes but with additional exploitable, cultural and economic values. Conservation action is required to address their vulnerability to numerous pressures on multiple habitats, and connections between them, across the extended aquatic ecosystems supporting different life stages.
• 2. Recreational angling for mahseer, along with associated wildlife and cultural tourism, is a growth industry dependent upon healthy river ecosystems.
• 3. A cyclic, ecosystem‐based model in which local people can benefit economically from sustainable mahseer exploitation through catch‐and‐release fisheries can form a basis for conservation of both mahseer and the wider river ecosystem.
• 4. Experience on the Western Ramganga River in the vicinity of the town of Bikhyasen, Uttarakhand State (in the Himalayas in northern India), demonstrates the importance of involving local people in the benefits associated with angling, wildlife and cultural tourism. This creates local incentives for river protection, and may be the most effective means for preventing destructive over‐exploitation in poor rural communities.
• 5. Recognition of this value and its recirculation to local people can form the basis for a ‘paying for ecosystems services’ (PES) market. This will benefit river ecosystems, local people, tour operators and visiting anglers, provided that local people benefit to a greater extent than through the killing of fish for non‐renewable consumption or sale.
• 6. This is the basis for a potentially transferable model which may support regional development through involving local people in markets for iconic species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

集体林权制度改革背景下广西林农认知和参与林业科技服务程度分析

基于广西3县7个村镇334户林农问卷调查的统计结果,对广西林农认知和参与林业科技服务的现状进行分析。结果表明：林权改革后的广西大多数林农拿到了林权证,80%以上的林农关注过乡政府或村委会承办的林业知识宣传栏,但仅有47.6%的林农在分到林地后接受过林业知识或技术培训,43.4%的林农接受过林业专家的林业科学技术指导;另外,通过林农林地拥有量与愿意参与林业科技服务活动的相关性分析后发现,林地较多的林农需要科技服务的意愿要强于林地较少的林农,林地越多的林农进行经营管理的活动就越多。由此可知,广西林农对于林业科技服务的认知和参与程度还不是很高,有待相关管理部门和研究学者进一步研究,找寻其中的主要原因。     

村民自治中的村委会换届选举问题——中间选民自愿参与贿选的原因分析

在村民委员会换届选举中,中国出现了较为严重的乡村贿选问题.乡村贿选侵犯了村民的选举权,滋生了村官腐败现象,败坏了社会风气,危及到农村的社会稳定.候选人会为了追求自身的利益或者是为了贡献自己的能力而参加贿选,那么村民尤其是中间选民为什么会自愿参与贿选呢?文章从公共选择理论中的中间选民理论的视角讨论了村民参与贿选的根本原因.     

农民有序政治参与存在的问题及成因探析

农民有序政治参与能使农村民主得以健全，巩固党的执政基础，是我国民主政治建设的重要目标和方向。随着我国改革开放和政治经济体制改革的不断深入，农民政治参与的能力与水平也在不断提高，逐渐走向有序化。但由于制约因素多，现阶段农民有序政治参与同构建和谐农村的要求仍有较大差距。在阐述农民有序政治参与对构建社会主义和谐社会的意义基础上，重点分析了当前我国农民有序政治参与存在的问题及成因，以促进和谐乡村建设的发展。