Strategy to Control Motor Vehicle Emission Particulate Matter

Particulate matter has become one of the major pollutants causing environmental pollution and affects human health. Motor vehicle particulate matter emissions accounted for more than 60% of the pollutants. At present, research on motor vehicle particulate matter emissions has inadequate systematic control strategies. This paper first analyzes the draw of the motor vehicle particulate matter formation mechanism and influencing factors. According to the statistics of the China Motor Vehicle Pollution Prevention Annual Report, mathematical models of the number of cars, the number of low speed motor vehicles and the number of motor vehicles with particulate matter emissions are presented using MATLAB, and the total amount of motor vehicle particulate emissions in the next five years is predicted. The results show that the motor vehicle particulate emissions increases every year and reached 1.032 2 million tons in 2015. Low-speed vehicle number PM emissions will gradually be reduced slowly, mainly influenced by national policies. Finally, according to the analysis and forecasting results, an effective motor vehicle particulate matter emission control strategy is put forward.     

Cross-sectional survey of pet ownership,veterinary service utilisation,and pet-related expenditures in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Aims: To describe the demographics of and predictors for pet ownership, reasons for visiting a veterinarian, and pet-related expenditure in pet owners in New Zealand.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from 18–22 June 2015 using a permission-based panel of New Zealand residents aged ≥18 years. Questions included demographics of respondents, number of pets and reasons for owning or not owning pets, number of visits and reasons for visiting a veterinarian, and pet-related expenditure.

Results: Of the 1,572 respondents who completed the survey, 1,013 (64.4%) owned ≥1 pet. Of these, 443 owned dogs, 696 cats, 32 horses, 103 birds, 55 rabbits, and 159 owned fish. Companionship was the most common reason for getting dogs, cats, and birds; horses were mostly owned as a hobby, rabbits to provide fun for children, and fish as a source of relaxation. The majority of dog, cat, and rabbit owners considered their pets to be family members; horse owners almost equally considered their horses a hobby or a family member. The odds of pet ownership increased for respondents from a rural region, having a higher household income, having children and being female. Overall, 711/1,013 (70.2%) pet-owning respondents had taken ≥1 animal to the veterinarian in the previous year, with the most common reasons being for vaccination or annual check-ups or health issues. Respondents who considered their pets trusted companions, had a higher income, and owned dogs or cats compared with other species, were most likely to have taken their pet to a veterinarian. The greatest pet-related expenditure for all species was food. The median yearly veterinary expenditure was $200–499 by dog owners, $100–199 by cat owners, and <$100 by horse, bird, rabbit, and fish owners. The best source of information for pet-related issues was considered to be veterinarians by 724/1,001 (72.3%) owners, and the internet by 509/1,001 (50.8%) owners.

Conclusions: Among survey respondents, pet ownership was common and pets filled a variety of roles in the household. Pet owners reported spending considerable amounts of money on their pets each year, but some of them may be underutilising veterinary services despite veterinarians being considered as valuable sources of information about pet-related issues.     

农民土地上的植物遗传资源所有权研究

为保护中国农民利益分享的权利,并为加入《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》做好法律上的准备,文章分析了遗传资源的国家主权与产权、自然资源与农民土地上的植物遗传资源的不同,并研究了美国、欧盟和印度关于农民土地上的植物遗传资源所有权的规定,指出对植物遗传资源的主权不能替代植物遗传资源的所有权制度安排,农民（社区）土地上的植物遗传资源应归农民或社区所有,农民、社区对其土地上的植物遗传资源权利应该得到国家的承认。     

我国农地产权法律制度存在的问题及对策研究

在对我国农地产权法律制度问题进行分析的基础上,建议通过农地产权股权化这一路径弥补农地产权制度的不足。     

我国农业上市公司股权结构对经营绩效的影响分析

选用我国25家农业上市公司2008-2009年间的观测值为样本,从股权集中度的视角,运用EVIEWS5.0软件,采用实证检验的分析方法,对我国农业上市公司的股权结构对其经营绩效的影响进行了分析研究。研究表明,我国农业上市公司应维持相对集中的股权结构,应进一步加强股东之间的相互制衡,以提高公司的经营绩效。     

林业政策的演变及实证分析--以河北省为例

对建国以来国民经济恢复时期、农业社会主义改造时期、人民公社化时期以及改革开放之后的相关林业政策的基本特征进行了较为全面的归纳和总结,对各个时期的政策效应进行了实证分析.这一对林业政策演变过程的考证表明,林权政策的演变对林业发展产生了最为显著的影响.同时说明,合理的退耕还林政策应该具有良好的稳定性、民众参与性和激励相容性。     

小型无人机低空摄影测量在土地确权应用中的探究——以陕西试点区域为例

低空摄影测量具有成本低、效率高、时效性强、周期短、灵活性强的优点,能够高效率地获取高分辨率的影像,从而对地表进行快速、实时地调查和监测。以陕西三试点区域为例,应用小型无人机获取高分辨率影像,将此影像利用INPHO全数字摄影测量工作站中的Match AT光束法平差软件进行空三加密与计算,并利用航天远景Map Matrix立测软件进行基本定向点及检查点的精度检查,最终生成高精度的数字正摄影像底图。为了验证此无人机低空摄影测量的时间效率和结果精度,首先将此数字正摄影像底图的精度与传统航测法土地确权的精度指标进行比较与分析,得出此小型无人机低空摄影在土地经营权确权中具有很强的可行性与实用性,然后选用特定数量的影像数量重复执行此工艺过程并对过程进行时间统计,从而在总体工作量很大并保持稳定的情况下,验证了此无人机低空摄影在时间效率上的高效性,最后选用空三完成后影像上明显加密点坐标与实际量测坐标进行比较,得出结果精度满足较大比例尺的测绘成图。     

关于深化重点国有林区改革的几点思考

重点国有林区是我国重要的木材生产战略基地和中国半壁江山的重要生态屏障.作者认为,必须通过深化改革,建立产权明晰、政企分开、机制灵活、管理科学的林区新型管理体制,实现森林资源的持续经营、林区经济社会可持续发展,构建生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的社会主义和谐新林区.改革的主要内容是产权制度改革、林权制度改革、林区管理体制改革和经营机制改革.根据目前的改革实践,作者总结了国有林区改革的4种模式.      

Owner-specific factors associated with conversion activity in secondary pine plantations

The conversion of secondary pine plantations into mixed broadleaf stands is considered to be an important mechanism in the process of sustainable forest management. The silvicultural process of forest conversion in ageing pine plantations is associated with active management aimed at inducing, steering or accelerating stand development. The aim of the present study was to investigate owner-specific factors – socio-demographic and forest-related characteristics, and motivation of ownership – influencing NIPF owners' active engagement in silvicultural conversion (henceforth referred to as ‘conversion activity’). The study relies on a survey of non-industrial private owners (n = 276) of pine plantations on poor sandy soils in Flanders (northern Belgium). The study revealed that NIPF owners, in general, make only minor contributions to forest conversion. Conversion activity (including thinning, making space for broadleaves, removing invasive species, clear-cut, planting) was rather low, but positively influenced by a number of factors. Private forest owners with clear motivations of ownership were more likely to engage in conversion activity. However, the nature of motivation was not very decisive as most of the items listed (with exception of land investment goals) had a positive influence. Furthermore, the conversion activity of owners called ‘economists’ did not significantly differ from those of ‘recreationists’, but ‘passive owners’ (those with unclear motivations of ownership) were less active. We thus suggest that it is the absence of clear motivations of ownership, rather than a particular ownership goal that would explain low conversion activity. Socio-demographics like age, gender and education, and also forest size had only marginal influence. But frequency of forest visits and proximity to the forest had a significant influence. As an overall conclusion from this study, we emphasize the importance for active forest management, and silvicultural conversion in particular, of forest owners being connected to their forest. In this sense, mental connectedness (motivation of ownership), as well as physical connectedness (living close to the forest and visiting it frequently) do matter.     

伊春市林权改革的调研报告

本文通过对伊春市林权改革的实地调查,分析了伊春市林权改革的具体做法和特点,评价了伊春市林权改革取得的成果,指出了林权改革中存在的若干问题,并提出了相关政策建议。