渗透坡面林地地表径流运动的有效糙率研究

在流域水文学研究与应用领域中,坡面水流占有十分重要的地位,但如何获取坡面水流的有效糙率是至关重要的一步。本文针对林地地表径流运动的形成过程和运动特点,建立了林地渗透坡面地表径流运动基本方程,通过讨论土壤水分运动和地表径流运动参数,将土壤水分运动简化为一维Ｓｍｉｔｈ－Ｐａｒｌａｎｇｅ模型,地表径流简化为运动波模型,采用一步Ｌａｘ－Ｗｅｎｄｒｏｆｆ有限差分格式进行数值模拟,以最小离差平方和为目标函数,通过叠代计算获取林地地表径流的有效糙率。根据人工模拟降雨地表径流过程实测资料计算了油松林、刺槐林、蒙古栎林３种林分的有效糙率,计算结果表明,２２ａ生刺槐林地的最大,在０．１９３１～０．２１３１之间;其次为３０ａ生蒙古栎林地,为０．１７０１;２０ａ生油松林地为０．１４２３。从参数寻优的结果来看,ｍ值在２．７６～３．０９０     

Risk equivalence in data-limited and data-rich fisheries management: An example based on the ICES advice framework

Fisheries management needs to ensure that resources are exploited sustainably, and the risk of depletion is at an acceptable level. However, often uncertainty about resource dynamics exists, and data availability may differ substantially between fish stocks. This situation can be addressed through tiered systems, where tiers represent different data limitations, and tier-specific stock assessment methods are defined, aiming for risk equivalence across tiers. As case studies, we selected stocks of European plaice, Atlantic cod and Atlantic herring, where advice is provided by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). We conducted a closed-loop simulation to compare risk equivalence between the data-rich ICES MSY rule, based on a quantitative stock assessment, and the revised data-limited empirical management procedures of the ICES advice framework. The simulations indicated that the data-limited approaches were precautionary and did not lead to a higher risk of depletion than the data-rich approach. Although the catch based on generic data-limited approaches was lower, stock-specific optimisation improved management performance with catch levels comparable with the data-rich approach. Furthermore, the simulation indicated the ICES MSY rule can fail to meet management objectives due to increased depletion risk when management reference points are set suboptimally. We conclude that the recent revisions of the ICES system explicitly account for risk equivalence for data-limited fisheries management and are a major step forward. Finally, we advocate further consideration of simple empirical management procedures irrespective of data limitations due to their ability to meet fisheries management objectives with greater simplicity.     

Optimisation of Healthy-Lipid Content and Oxidative Stability during Oil Extraction from Squid (Illex argentinus) Viscera by Green Processing

Green extraction was applied to Argentinean shortfin squid (Illex argentinus) viscera, consisting of a wet pressing method including a drying step, mechanic pressing, centrifugation of the resulting slurry, and oil collection. To maximise the oil yield and ω3 fatty acid content and to minimise the oil damage degree, a response surface methodology (RSM) design was developed focused on the drying temperature (45–85 °C) and time (30–90 min). In general, an increase of the drying time and temperature provided an increase in the lipid yield recovery from the viscera. The strongest drying conditions showed a higher recovery than 50% when compared with the traditional chemical method. The docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid contents in the extracted oil revealed scarce dependence on drying conditions, showing valuable ranges (149.2–166.5 and 88.7–102.4 g·kg⁻¹ oil, respectively). Furthermore, the values of free fatty acids, peroxides, conjugated dienes, and ω3/ω6 ratio did not show extensive differences by comparing oils obtained from the different drying conditions. Contrary, a polyene index (PI) decrease was detected with increasing drying time and temperature. The RSM analysis indicated that optimised drying time (41.3 min) and temperature (85 °C) conditions would lead to 74.73 g·kg⁻¹ (oil yield), 1.87 (PI), and 6.72 (peroxide value) scores, with a 0.67 desirability value.     

Optimal farm management responses to emerging soil salinisation in a dryland catchment in eastern Australia

Secondary salinisation of soil and water resources is an acute management issue over large parts of Australia. This paper focusses on the situation in the Liverpool Plains, where secondary soil salinity is on the increase due to rising saline groundwater tables. The Liverpool Plains are famous for the vast alluvial floodplains where self-mulching black clays provide the production basis for an extensive dryland cropping industry. The farmers there are asking how best to manage their resources under the present hydrological conditions, and are concerned whether their businesses will remain viable in the future. A multi-period programming model is applied to a model farm situation. The objective function reflects the economic paradigm of farming. The model includes a simulation sub-routine which links land use, rainfall and lateral groundwater flow into a point water balance and estimates the salt-affected area. A feedback relationship applies between soil salinity and land productivity. The results of the model suggest that the prevailing cropping practices that rely on long fallowing for soil moisture retention are sub-optimal. Increased cropping frequency increases farm income and reduces on-farm recharge to groundwater. Diversification into lucerne is favourable for the same reasons. Unless trees have commercial value, tree planting is not a favoured option except on salt-affected land. The farm achieves complete on-farm recharge control. However, assuming that the groundwater table rises at a rate of 10 cm per year independent of on-farm recharge, salinisation continues despite these land management changes. The subsequent land productivity losses render the model farm financially unviable in the medium term. Sustaining the productivity of the Liverpool Plains is an issue of reducing recharge to the groundwater system by changing land-use practices throughout the entire catchment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人工草地放牧系统优化模式研究 Ⅰ 人工草地的最大持续产量模型和最优控制方法及应用

文章以云贵高原的人工草地为研究对象,分析了草地资源分布的时空特征及增长动态,运用生物控制论方法组建了牧草资源种群保护性利用的最大持续产量模型,并以试验为例,确定了具体的保护指标与放牧管理措施,研究了单播人工草地的最优控制模型与放牧对策,进行了相应的定量分析。     

Planning low-impact tourist paths within a Site of Community Importance through the optimisation of biological and logistic criteria

A leading goal in the management of protected areas is to promote a balanced coexistence between wildlife and people. Although this target may be achieved by limiting human activities through buffer zones and restricted areas, a more rigorous approach can be based on optimisation models founded on quantitative and transparent scientific methodologies.

In this paper, a decision model is proposed, for the first time, for planning low-impact tourist paths within a European Union Site of Community Importance. The proposed methodology seeks to plan optimised paths based on a virtual landscape built on both biological and logistic criteria. Our model consists of four steps: (1) choice of biological and logistic constraints; (2) selection of biological and logistic factors; (3) use of fuzzy scoring to standardise and weight criteria and (4) application of least-cost modelling to the virtual landscape resulting from previous steps.

We identified three optimised routes for new tourist paths which have the least possible impact on existing biodiversity (habitats, plant and animal species), meeting logistic criteria as well. The proposed approach also allows the impacts of suggested paths to be estimated quantitatively thereby allowing comparison with existent paths. Proposed paths, based on optimisation, perform considerably well; furthermore, we were able to propose the decommissioning of eight existing paths that have high impacts on biodiversity.

This work not only proposes a framework for planning low-impact tourist paths within protected areas, but also purports the idea that, through the use of proper optimisation models, a satisfactory balance between nature and human activities is achievable.     

Application of Irrigation Optimisation System (IOS) to a Major Irrigation Project in India

The Irrigation Optimisation System (IOS), a decision support tool and an extension of the combined hydraulic-hydrological modelling system for canal-command, is applied as a planning tool to the Mahanadi Reservoir Irrigation Scheme, a large irrigation project in Central India. Besides the MIKE 11 and MIKE SHE modelling systems, for the hydraulic and hydrological simulations respectively, it has an optimisation module to govern the canal releases. The results show that presently the canal releases are inefficient and lead to the wastage of a significant amount of water during the monsoon season. It is shown that the application of IOS reduces this wastage and results in higher irrigation intensity and physical productivity of water in the command. The case study also illustrates the capability of IOS as a planning and decision support tool.     

Financial optimisation of target diameter harvest of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) considering the risk of decrease of timber quality due to red heartwood

A mature, average stand of European beech was generated based on characteristic data of trial plots. Some 27 different strategies of target diameter harvest, were simulated for up to 80 years with the help of a distance-dependent single-tree growth simulator. The treatments were differing in the size of the target diameter, the beginning and the end of the harvest. Based on a statistical model, the probability of the occurrence of more than 30% of red heartwood at the front-side diameter was calculated for three sections of each log. Using the predicted probability, the decrease of timber quality due to red heartwood for different treatment strategies was assessed. The harvested volume and the predicted timber quality for different harvesting strategies were used to calculate the net revenue achieved in each simulation period with the help of a calculation program. The net present value for variable interest rates of the different harvesting strategies was calculated, assuming free land rent. Using a linear programming approach, optimal areas for different treatment strategies of a modelled forest of 100 ha were calculated under 4 different scenarios. The results of the optimisation showed how the increasing interest rates replaced higher target diameters out of the optimal solution. In contrast to that the treatments with higher target diameter became more important with increasing restrictions concerning budget or ecological constraints.