Dietary riboflavin requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth,conversion efficiencies,protein retention,liver riboflavin storage,RNA/DNA ratio and carcass composition

A 16‐week experiment was conducted to determine the dietary riboflavin requirement of the fingerling Channa punctatus (6.7 ± 0.85 cm; 4.75 ± 0.72 g) by a feeding casein–gelatin‐based (450 g/kg crude protein; 18.39 kJ/g gross energy) purified diet containing graded levels of riboflavin (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg/kg diet) to triplicate groups of fish near to satiation at 09:30 and 16:30 hr. Absolute weight gain (AWG), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR, % per day), protein retention efficiency (PRE%) and RNA/DNA ratio were positively affected by increasing concentrations of dietary riboflavin to 6 mg riboflavin per kg diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased up to 6 mg riboflavin per kg diet but did not decrease further with higher riboflavin supplementation. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) concentration also supported the pattern of FCR, whereas superoxide dismutase and catalase activities increased with increasing concentrations of dietary riboflavin from 0 to 6 mg/kg. Liver riboflavin concentrations increased with increasing levels of riboflavin up to 8 mg/kg diet. Broken‐line regression analysis of AWG, PRE and liver riboflavin concentrations of fingerling C. punctatus with dietary riboflavin level indicated optimum growth and liver riboflavin saturation at 5.7, 6.1 and 7.7 mg riboflavin per kg diet, respectively.     

Effects of Isatis root polysaccharide on non‐specific immune responses and nutritive indices in obscure pufferfish,Takifugu obscurus

This study examined the effects of Isatis root polysaccharide (IRPS) on the growth and non‐specific immunological responses of obscure pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) as well as the potential of using this Traditional Chinese Medicine for disease prevention. The antioxidant capacities, lysozyme and complement C3 activities in phagocytosis, erythrocyte C3b receptor rosette rates, respiratory burst activity, body weight increase (BWI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and several other nutritive indices were determined in pufferfish fed a control diet or diets containing either a low or high level of IRPS. The results showed that IRPS played a positive role in regulating the leukocyte phagocytic rate, respiratory burst and antioxidant enzymes. The IRPS‐fed fish showed an increased BWI and reduced FCR compared with pufferfish fed the control diet. The significant alterations of non‐specific immune response parameters in fish fed the less IPRS diet were rapid, occurring within 7 days, but were then reduced, whereas those in fish fed the more IRPS diet peaked at 10–15 days of treatment but were maintained for at least 30 days. Isatis root polysaccharide activates host immune function, improves phagocytosis by macrophages and exerts direct antimicrobial and antiviral effects, thereby helping to resist infection.     

牛初乳在畜牧生产中的研究与应用

阐述了牛初乳的营养成分及生理活性物质的种类、来源及功能,并介绍其在畜牧业生产中的应用情况。     

黄冠梨果皮褐斑病与酚类物质代谢的关系

对套袋黄冠梨果皮褐斑病果酚类物质以及相关氧化酶活性进行了分析。结果表明,与正常果实比较,褐斑严重的果皮和果肉中酚含量、POD和PPO活性较高,但SOD活性差异不显著;同时,果皮褐斑区域较正常区域酚含量、POD、PPO和SOD活性较高。正常果实表面喷洒1％CaCl2、0．1mmol／L CPZ、0．1mmol／L TFP、0．5mmol／L SO和0．05mmol／L EB溶液后,均未对果皮酚类物质含量产生明显影响,仅EB诱发褐变,而CaCl2降低了PPO活性,SO、EB和TFP的作用相反,CPZ的作用较小。这说明,果皮发生褐变与PPO活性显著升高有密切关系,Ca^2＋-CaM系统和Ca^2＋-ATPase参与了褐变过程。     

Sorptive interaction between goethite and strongly reducing organic substances from anaerobic decomposition of green manures

Strongly reducing organic substances (SROS) and iron oxides exist widely in soils and sediments and have been implicated in many soil and sediment processes. In the present work, the sorptive interaction between goethite and SROS derived from anaerobic decomposition of green manures was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Both green manures, Astragalus sinicus (Astragalus) and Vicia varia (Vicia) were chosen to be anaerobically decomposed by the mixed microorganisms isolated from paddy soils for 30 d to prepare different SROS. Goethite used in experiments was synthesized in laboratory. The anaerobic incubation solutions from green manures at different incubation time were arranged to react with goethite, in which SROS concentration and Fe(II) species were analyzed. The anaerobic decomposition of Astragalus generally produced SROS more in amount but weaker in reducibility than that of Vicia in the same incubation time. The available SROS from Astragalus that could interact with goethite was 0.69 ± 0.04, 0.84 ± 0.04 and 1.09 ± 0.03 cmol kg⁻¹ as incubated for 10, 15 and 30 d, respectively, for Vicia, it was 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.46 ± 0.02 and 0.70 ± 0.02 cmol kg⁻¹. One of the fates of SROS as they interacted with goethite was oxidation. The amounts of oxidizable SROS from Astragalus decreased over increasing incubation time from 0.51 ± 0.05 cmol kg⁻¹ at day 10 to 0.39 ± 0.04 cmol kg⁻¹ at day 30, but for Vicia, it increased with the highest reaching to 0.58 ± 0.04 cmol kg⁻¹ at day 30. Another fate of these substances was sorption by goethite. The SROS from Astragalus were sorbed more readily than those from Vicia, and closely depended upon the incubation time, whereas for those from Vicia, the corresponding values were remarkably less and apparently unchangeable with incubation time. The extent of goethite dissolution induced by the anaerobic solution from Vicia was greater than that from Astragalus, showing its higher reactivity.     

Comparison of extraction methods for recovery of extracellular β-glucosidase in two different forest soils

A study was made of the efficiency of three different extractants, 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate (pH 7), 67 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6) and 0.5 M potassium sulphate (pH 6.6), in recovering the protein quantity and the β-glucosidase enzyme activity from two natural forest soils: (1) an Inceptisoil located in Tuscany (Italy) in a mild Mediterranean climate, and (2) a Lithic Calcixeroll soil located in Murcia (south-east of Spain) in a dry-semiarid climate. The pyrophosphate was used to determine the activity of extracellular-humic-bound proteins, while the phosphate buffer and potassium sulphate were used to extract dissolved extracellular proteins. The latter extractant, after chloroform fumigation, was also used to measure total proteins in soil. A preliminary screening, using SDS-PAGE in one dimension, was also carried out in order to optimize the separation condition of soil proteins extracted with different buffers. To remove the interfering co-extracted substances (humic acid) a purification step using a column packed with insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone was performed. The highest β-glucosidase activity was recovered in the pyrophosphate extract, thus confirming its capability of extracting humic-bound β-glucosidase enzyme in a stable and active form. The extractants performed differently with the two soil types and band patterns obtained with SDS-PAGE were extractant-specific, demonstrating that each was selective for a particular class of proteins. Surprisingly, protein bands were also obtained using pyrophosphate, in spite of the very dark extract colour due to the presence of humic substances.     

Control of Fusarium wilt disease of cucumber plants with the application of a bioorganic fertilizer

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer application either with or without antagonistic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis SQR-5 and Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21) on the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum J. H. Owen wilt disease in cucumber. The incidence of Fusarium wilt disease was 5.3–13.5% for cucumber plants treated with bioorganic fertilizer, while it was 30.3–51% in controls (only with organic fertilizer). Higher yields and lower disease incidences were observed in the dry season when compared with the wet season for both types of organic fertilizer treatments. Biolog analysis showed a significant change in soil bacterial composition and activity after bioorganic fertilizer application. The numbers of colony-forming units of F. oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum J. H. Owen for bioorganic-fertilizer-treated soils were significantly decreased compared with control. Scanning electron micrographs of cucumber basal stems showed a presence of mycelia-like mini strands accompanied by an amorphous substance within the xylem vessels. This amorphous substance and mini strands were richer in calcium and phosphorus but had low carbon and oxygen than the living mycelia. Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopic analysis showed that the antagonistic bacteria produced the antifungal compounds fusaricidin A, B, C, and D with molecular weights of 883.5, 897.5, 947.5, and 961.5 Da, respectively. The application of bioorganic fertilizer has a great potential for the control of F. oxysporum wilt disease in cucumber plants.     

腐殖酸对磷在红壤中有效性的影响

An investigation was conducted to study the effect of humic substance （HS） on the phosphorus （P） solubility in acidic soil. The soil （2.5 g）, HS （0, 0.5, and 2.5 g）, and P as monocalcium phosphate （0.31 and 1.25 g P kg^-1 soil） were mixed with 50 mL distilled water and two different sequences of adding HS and P were used. The results indicated that the P concentration in water and 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 solution increased with increasing amounts of humic substance. The concentrations of Fe and Al were also increased. However, Olsen P decreased with increasing amount of humic substance. Water-soluble P concentrations from P rates at 0.31 and 1.25 g P kg^-1 soil in the treatment with 0.5 g （2.5 g） humic substance addition were 360% and 70% （500% and 90%） higher, respectively, than those in the treatment with no humic substance addition. P extracted by 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl2 in the treatments with 0.5 and 2.5 g humic substance addition was increased by 400% and 540%, respectively, compared with that in the treatment without humic substance at the rate of 0.31 g P kg^-1 soil, while the corresponding P concentrations were increased by 80% and 90% at the rate of 1.25 g P kg^-1 soil. The order of mixing humic substance and phosphate did not significantly affect desorbed P and labile P extracted with CaCl2.     

不同秋眠级苜蓿产量、品质及越冬率比较

【目的】探讨苜蓿秋眠级与其生产性能及越冬的关系,筛选适宜在呼和浩特及周边地区种植的苜蓿品种。【方法】以国内外5个不同秋眠级苜蓿品种为材料,2014-05-20将其播种于和林格尔试验地,2015-2017年连续3年调查物候期和越冬率,测定苜蓿鲜、干草产量及营养成分(干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF))含量,计算相对饲用价值(RFV),根据3年平均干草产量与RFV的耦合作用筛选出最优苜蓿品种。【结果】秋眠级越低的苜蓿品种,其春季返青越晚;秋眠级越高的苜蓿品种,其越冬率越低。5个不同秋眠级苜蓿品种3年平均鲜、干草产量均存在极显著差异(P0.01),其中以金皇后苜蓿鲜、干草产量最高,极显著高于其他苜蓿品种(P0.01);草原3号苜蓿的3年平均CP含量和RFV值最高、ADF和NDF含量最低;驯鹿苜蓿的3年平均ADF、NDF含量极显著高于其他苜蓿品种(除金皇后ADF含量外)。根据苜蓿3年平均干草产量与RFV值的耦合结果,确定金皇后和草原3号属于最佳苜蓿品种。【结论】苜蓿秋眠级别与越冬率呈显著负相关关系,秋眠级为1～3级的苜蓿品种金皇后和草原3号在3年鲜草产量、干草产量、越冬率及营养品质方面均表现较好,适宜在呼和浩特及周边地区种植推广。     

Performance of oat (Avena sativa L.) sown in late summer for autumn forage production in Central Europe

Spring‐sown oat (Avena sativa L.) is well adapted for forage production in Central Europe; however, environmental conditions make this crop susceptible to crown rust disease (Puccinia coronata) when grown in summer. The objective of this study was to assess oat cultivars sown in late summer, when conditions for crown rust are less favourable, and harvest in autumn for forage with potential use for feeding lactating dairy cows. Three oat cultivars: Berdysz, Zuch and ForagePlus, the first two from Poland and the latter from United States, were sown 1 and 15 August, and 1 September, over three consecutive years, and harvested for forage in late October. The two Polish cultivars had 61% leaf area affected by rust with 1 August sowing, but ForagePlus was not affected by rust with any sowing date. Sowing 15 August significantly reduced crown rust incidence and increased DM yield of the Polish cultivars 21% relative to the 1 August sowing date, but decreased ForagePlus DM yield by 35%. Sowing 1 September resulted in best forage nutritive value, but the lowest DM yields for all cultivars. Calculated milk production per ton of forage for all cultivars was lowest with the 1 August sowing date. Calculated milk production per hectare was greatest for Berdysz sown in mid‐August. Oat can be sown 15 August and harvested in autumn for forage production, avoiding crown rust disease during summer in Poland. Nutritive value of autumn oat forage is adequate to meet forage requirements of lactating dairy cows.