水钾耦合对褐土养分及花生养分累积的影响

为明确水钾耦合对土壤养分含量及花生养分吸收累积量的影响,以花育25为试验材料,采用水分(35%,50%,65%,80%的田间持水量)和钾肥(0,0.15,0.30,0.45g K_2O/kg)2因素4水平随机区组设计,通过遮雨棚盆栽试验探讨水钾耦合下褐土有机质、全量(全氮、全磷和全钾)和速效养分(碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾)含量的变化,以及花生植株养分累积量的差异。结果表明:钾肥用量增加会促进有效氮的吸收;在土壤水分缺乏时,水分胁迫低钾(W_1K_1)和轻度胁迫低钾(W_2K_1)两个处理在土壤全磷含量下降时有效磷含量不降反增,这表明施入少量钾肥有助于旱地磷的释放。施低钾K_1(135kg/hm~2)促进土壤速效钾的增加及土壤养分的平衡,较初始土壤提高0.43~0.59倍,且随钾肥用量的增加而不断升高。相同钾肥用量下,花生植株氮、磷和钾累积量随灌水量的增加均呈上升趋势;氮吸收量仅在水分胁迫时随着钾肥用量的增多而先增后减;除水分充足(W_4)外,在其他灌水处理下植株磷累积量随钾肥用量的增加均表现为先增后降;而钾累积量在各土壤水分下均随钾肥用量的增加呈现低-高-低的变化趋势,最高值均在中钾K_2(270kg/hm~2)处理。花生植株对营养元素的吸收累积与总生物产量和荚果产量相关性均达显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)水平,总生物量与荚果产量呈极显著(p0.01)相关。综合考虑土壤养分的可持续供应、花生养分的累积和产量形成,建议土壤水分保持在65%FC,钾肥(K_2O)用量控制在135~270kg/hm~2为宜。     

轴流泵失速工况下非定常流动特性研究

为了研究轴流泵在失速工况下的流动特性,对某原型立式轴流泵进行非定常数值计算,对比分析了设计工况以及失速工况下泵内部典型流动结构与压力脉动特性,揭示了失速工况下低频压力脉动的产生机理,利用真机压力脉动测试验证了数值计算方法的可靠性。研究表明:失速工况下叶片背面的前缘靠近轮缘一侧以及尾缘靠近轮毂一侧存在回流区;设计工况下叶轮进口处以及导叶体中段压力脉动主频为叶片通过频率,叶轮出口部位由于受到动静干涉作用,主频为导叶通过频率,导叶体出口部位由于远离旋转叶轮,叶频主导作用减弱;深度失速工况下泵内部压力脉动系数幅值显著增加,其中导叶体出口处G6点在深度失速工况下压力脉动系数幅值为设计工况的16倍;深度失速工况下叶轮出口处监测点P6、导叶体中段监测点G2以及导叶体出口监测点G6出现频率为0.83 Hz的低频压力脉动;失速工况下导叶体内涡核心区域与导叶流线图中存在的漩涡的发展、演化规律基本一致,两者的频率均为0.86 Hz,与低频压力脉动的频率(0.83 Hz)较为接近,因此可以证明低频压力脉动由导叶内漩涡诱导所致。     

Calcium reducesBotrytis c1nerea damages to plants ofRuscus hypoglossum

Plants ofRuscus hypoglossum L. were grown in containers with perlite, an inert medium, or with soil, under similar-to-commercial conditions, for three winter seasons. Constant fertilization with soluble calcium [Ca(NO₃)₂] through the root zone resulted in a reduction of up to 78% in postharvest rot caused by artificial inoculation withBotrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. Control plants were treated by fertilization with N,P,K and all other elements, identical to the fertilizer containing calcium. Foliar application of Ca(NO₃)₂ to ruscus bushes or application of this compound or of CaCl₂ or CaSO₄ to mature cut branches standing in water, resulted also in a significant reduction in postharvest phylloclade rot. Application of CaSO₄ and Ca(H2PO₄)₂ + CaSO₄ to ruscus plants, from fertilizers containing 22% Ca and releasing the cation gradually, effectively reduced the susceptibility of cut branches to infection by_{B. cinerea.}     

内导叶滚筒式收鱼机设计与实验

针对深海域网箱养殖人工收鱼效率低、且劳动强度大,吸鱼泵等传统收鱼装置鱼损率高、需要装备大功率发电系统、不适合中小型收鱼船作业等问题设计了内导叶滚筒式收鱼机。对该装置的主体结构进行仿真,确定了主体结构发生最大等效应力和应力集中的位置,根据仿真结果进一步优化结构,并试制了实验装置。通过实验得出最优控制方案,即在倾角10°、转速15.3r/min情况下,有效输送量与功耗比最优,且滚筒在不同倾角下最优转速为15r/min,实验鱼损率为0.1%,满足用户要求。该装置能在保证一定收鱼效率的同时降低鱼损率,适合中小型渔船收鱼作业。     

Straw mulching with fertilizer nitrogen: An approach for improving crop yield,soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha^‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha^‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China.     

沼渣对铅锌冶炼废渣生物化学性质及植物生长的影响

为研究沼渣作为改良剂对铅锌冶炼废渣环境条件的改善及修复植物生长的影响,采用盆栽试验研究不同比例(0,1%,3%,5%,7%,9%)沼渣添加和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)生长对废渣养分含量、微生物学特性、重金属赋存形态及黑麦草的生物学特征的综合影响。结果表明:与对照废渣相比,添加沼渣后废渣养分(N、P、K)、有机质、酶活性(碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶)、微生物数量(细菌、真菌和放线菌)以及微生物活性(呼吸强度)均显著(p0.05)增加;不同比例沼渣添加均显著增加黑麦草鲜重、根长、株高并显著降低植物组织(地上和地下部)中重金属含量(p0.05)。沼渣添加和黑麦草生长通过促进废渣中酸溶态重金属(Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb)向残渣态转化进而降低废渣中重金属的生物有效性。典范对应分析表明,沼渣施用量在5%,7%,9%时对废渣微环境条件改善作用较大,其中,较低的沼渣添加量(5%)就能显著改善废渣的微环境条件及促进修复植物健康生长。因此,综合考虑沼渣作为有机改良剂的最佳费用和效应间的关系,在设置试验条件下,可将5%的沼渣添加量作为铅锌冶炼废渣有机改良及植物修复的最佳施用比例。     

Changes in the carbon concentrations and other soil properties of some Scottish agricultural soils: Evidence from a resampling campaign

The change in soil carbon (C) concentration, soil pH and major nutrients for approximately 1,000 topsoil sampled from on-farm experimental sites over a thirty-year period from 1950 to 1980 in north-east Scotland are summarized. This period coincided with increased agricultural intensification, which included regular liming and fertilizer additions. During 2017, 37 of these sites were resampled and reanlaysed. While pH and extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) increased over this period, there was no detectable change in the percentage loss on ignition. Composite soil samples were taken by auger from a depth of 0–15 cm and compared with the corresponding archived samples collected at the initiation of each experiment. Analysis of these resampled soils indicated no significant change in soil carbon (C), although soil pH, extractable magnesium (Mg) and K and Nitrogen (N) concentrations were significantly greater (p < .001) but extractable soil P concentration was significantly less (p = .015) compared with the original samples. Even though measuring C concentration alone is a poor indicator of overall changes in soil C stocks, it does provide a relative quick “early warning” of C losses that would justify a more comprehensive measure of stocks.     

SPI凝胶颗粒制备及其Pickering高内相乳液特性研究

制备了大豆分离蛋白（Soy protein isolate,SPI）凝胶颗粒,并使用该颗粒制备了稳定的Pickering高内相乳液。通过粒径和ζ 电位测定、冷冻扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察以及外观分析,以流变特性为指标,对SPI凝胶颗粒和Pickering高内相乳液特性进行研究。结果表明,SPI凝胶颗粒的粒径和ζ 电位随pH值的变化而变化,当SPI凝胶颗粒pH值为4.0～5.0时,临近SPI等电点,ζ 电位的绝对值最小,此时凝胶颗粒相互聚集,不能成功制备稳定的高内相乳液。在pH值为 9.0时,大豆分离蛋白凝胶颗粒紧密结合在一起,呈凝胶网络状结构。在碱性条件下,蛋白质质量分数为1.00%、内相体积分数为78%～82%时,可以制备稳定的Pickering高内相乳液。通过增加内相体积分数,使大豆分离蛋白凝胶颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液体系分布更加均匀,不易发生聚集,形成更加致密稳定的多孔结构,且具有更强的弹性凝胶乳液特性。     

昆明近郊水稻土、菜园土、大棚土养分调查

2002年5月对昆明近郊水稻土、菜园土、大棚土136个土壤样品进行了测试分析,了解昆明近郊水稻土、菜园土、大棚土3种土壤肥力现状。结果表明:有机质、全N、全P、碱解N、速效P在耕作中不存在缺乏现象。全K3种土壤全层都缺乏。速效K在水稻土、菜园土的20～40cm、40～60cm土层中缺乏,其余土壤的土层不缺乏。     

有益微生物组合加菌糠对小白菜生长及土壤养分的影响

采用盆栽试验 ,通过测定小白菜的株高、叶片长、叶比重、叶面积和产量 ,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量 ,研究不同有益微生物组合加菌糠对小白菜生长和土壤养分的影响。结果表明 :施用有益微生物组合加菌糠可以促进小白菜生长、增加其产量和提高土壤养分含量。其中 ,以有益微生物组合链霉菌和巨大芽孢杆菌加菌糠的效果最好。