高寒沙地不同林龄中间锦鸡儿主要养分元素的分配及循环特征

目的 了解沙地人工植被恢复过程中主要养分元素的分配及循环特征有助于全面地认识植物适应环境的策略,为沙地植被的管理提供理论依据。 方法 以高寒沙地6、9、11、17和31年生中间锦鸡儿人工灌木林为研究对象,采用野外标准株全株收获法,对人工林N、P和K 3种主要养分元素的含量、积累、分配和生物循环特征进行研究。 结果 （1）各组分中,叶和皮的养分含量最高,干的养分含量最低;随着林龄的增加,3个径级根系（粗根：直径 > 5 mm、中根：2 mm < 直径 ≤ 5 mm、细根：直径 ≤ 2 mm）N含量和叶片P含量显著增加,细根的P和K含量、枝和中根的K含量显著降低;3个径级根系N含量与细根P和K含量呈极显著的负相关关系,中根和细根的N含量与枝和中根的K含量呈极显著的负相关关系。（2）根系养分积累量大于地上组分,其占总养分积累量的百分比随林龄的增加先增加后降低,在17年生人工林达到峰值,N、P和K积累量百分比分别达70%、66%和63%。（3）随着林龄增加,3种养分元素的利用系数降低,循环系数和周转期增加;K的利用系数和循环系数明显大于N和P,周转期明显小于N和P。 结论 高寒沙地中间锦鸡儿人工灌木林生长过程中将更多的养分分配给根系来适应严酷的自然环境,其固氮过程会消耗自身的K和P,其中,K元素的循环速率较快,流动性大。因此,建议对中间锦鸡儿人工灌木林的管护过程中适当添加K肥和P肥。     

生物炭对植烟土壤养分的影响

为探讨生物炭作为土壤改良剂对植烟土壤养分含量的影响,以湖南烟区主要栽培品种云烟87为试验材料,通过大田试验研究了不同的生物炭用量(CK:0 kg/hm~2;T1:3 000 kg/hm~2;T2:3 750 kg/hm~2;T3:4 500kg/hm~2)下植烟土壤中的养分含量。结果表明:施用生物炭能够显著提高植烟土壤有机质、碱解氮、铵态氮及速效钾含量,且随着生物炭施用量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,从改良土壤肥力效果来看,生物炭施用量在3 750 kg/hm~2的水平下较为适宜。     

江汉平原杨树林下土壤肥力因子的关联性研究

通过对土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量和土壤养分的分析,研究江汉平原上游10个县(市)杨树林下土壤肥力因子之间时空变化及其相互关系。结果表明:无论是林下相对于林外,还是生长季相对于落叶季,细菌数量与磷酸酶活性、真菌数量与蛋白酶活性总是正相关;而在杨树的生长季节,土壤AA含量与各类微生物数量均呈正相关;土壤NO3--N、有效Ca含量与各类微生物数量均呈负相关;Mg/K与真菌数量显著正相关;土壤NO3--N含量与有效B含量呈极显著正相关;有效Ca含量与有效Mg含量呈显著正相关,与Mg/K呈极显著正相关。     

不同海拔高度对周公山柳杉人工林植物多样性及土壤养分的影响

【目的】研究海拔高度对周公山柳杉人工林林下植物多样性及土壤养分的影响,对人工林的抚育及合理经营有着重要意义,旨在为人工林近自然改造以及利用山地造林、恢复森林生态提供科学依据。【方法】采用代表性样地法和随机取样法相结合的方法,在800、1 000和1 200 m 3个海拔高度对周公山柳杉人工林林下的物种组成、物种重要值、物种多样性和土壤养分进行了初步研究和对比分析。【结果】1)林下草本层共发现植物33种,属于19科32属;林下灌木层共发现植物49种,隶属于39属26科。2)草本群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H’)和Pielou均匀度指数(JSW)均随着海拔的升高表现为先升高后降低的趋势,符合"中度膨胀"理论,而草本层物种丰富度指数(D)以及灌木层群落各多样性指数则符合负相关关系理论。3)林下植被0~40 cm深度土壤养分随土层深度增加,全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾、有机碳、有机质含量均降低。4)物种多样性指数与有机质、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)的含量呈显著负相关。【结论】应控制人为干扰的强度,保持合理的林分密度,改善柳杉人工林的物种组成和群落结构,使人工林处于一种天然更新状态。     

Indices of soil nitrogen availability for an ecological site classification of British forests

An adequate supply of nitrogen (N) is essential for the successful establishment and sustainable productivity of forest stands. N deficits may necessitate the use of artificial fertilisers. Availability of N in the inorganic forms, and the relative abundance of the NO₃-N and NH₄-N components, influences the species composition of natural forest vegetation. Hence it is essential to use reliable measures of soil N supply that fully reflect its ecological significance. The new Ecological Site Classification (ESC) used in British forestry employs a multi-factorial definition of soil nutrient regime (SNR), including soil N. To develop this, a soil and vegetation study was made at 89 forest sites throughout Great Britain covering the major soil types used for forestry. “Total N” levels were compared with separate pre- and post-incubation measures of the two inorganic N components as potential indices of soil N supply. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the major discriminant chemical variables for the sampled soils were pH, calcium and NO₃-N and that these were also the main variables influencing the species composition of the ground vegetation. Total N and NH₄-N were less effective discriminant variables for these sites. In some infertile soils the levels of NH₄-N or total N may be of greater importance, as NO₃-N is usually in very limited supply. A multivariate gradient of SNR, which incorporates the NO₃-N measures, has been adopted for use within the ESC system. The position of a site on this gradient can be estimated quantitatively from soil type, ground vegetation species composition and humus type. This enables soil N supply and overall SNR to be assessed in a simple but effective way that guides the operational management of British forest soils for sustainable productivity. It will also be possible to use these techniques to monitor the nutritional status of forest sites over time.     

Water quality,ecological processes and management procedures in a periphyton biofiltration system in mariculture: A statistical analysis

A periphyton biofiltration system of mariculture effluents was studied to identify ecological processes and management procedures that strongly affect the biofilter functioning, in order to attain optimal biomass production and nutrient removal. The multivariate statistical technique of factor analysis allowed reducing the large amount of data available into three main factors. The first factor, which accounted for 49% of the overall data variability, was herein called “biological activity” as it represents the joint effects on the variables measured of photosynthesis, N and P uptake, respiration and decomposition of organic matter. The second and third factors were “autotrophic biomass density” and “nitrite and phosphate uptake/release balance”, which, respectively, accounted for further 20% and 14% of the data variability. A conceptual model, describing the functioning of the periphyton biofilters, revealed a delicate equilibrium among the different processes, whose understanding help to manage the biofilters towards optimal production of periphytic biomass and nutrient removal. Raising flow rate raised the overall nutrient uptake rate but reduced uptake efficiency and diluted nitrifying particles. A reduced flow rate led to sedimentation of organic particles, decomposition and nutrients re‐mineralization. Apparently, control of water flow and nutrient content, periphyton substrate area and the cleaning of the effluent supply system are key management elements for the operation of a periphyton‐based biofilter system that maximizes both periphyton biomass production and nutrient removal.     

仿刺参cytb和β-actin基因表达稳定性比较

基因表达分析需要采用内参基因来校正目的基因的表达量。采用半定量RT-PCR的方法分析了cytb和β-actin基因在仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)未受精卵、受精卵、多细胞期、囊胚期、原肠期、小耳状幼体、中耳状幼体、大耳状幼体、樽型幼体、五触手幼体、稚参11个发育阶段和幼参的体壁、体腔细胞、肠道和呼吸树中的表达情况。结果表明:cytb在不同发育阶段和不同组织中稳定表达;β-actin基因在稚参之前不同发育阶段中表达水平有显著差异,在幼参的体壁、肠道和呼吸树中稳定表达。此外,cytb在lipopolysaccgarides (LPS)刺激前后的原肠胚、小耳状幼体、中耳状幼体、大耳状幼体、樽型幼体、稚参和幼参四种组织中表达量无显著差异;β-actin基因在LPS刺激前后的幼参体腔细胞、肠道和呼吸树中表达量无显著差异。本研究为仿刺参功能基因表达分析中,cytb与β-actin基因作为内参基因的可行性提供了依据。     

猕猴桃园土壤状况与果树叶片叶绿素和铁素质量分数的通径分析

以黄化果树和正常果树根部土壤及叶片为研究对象,通过土壤立体采样后,测定树体根部土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH 5个土壤指标和叶片叶绿素、铁素质量分数,采用通径分析方法,研究各土壤指标对叶片叶绿素和铁素的影响。结果表明:土壤中速效钾质量分数对叶片总叶绿素质量分数影响最大,且表现为负效应。土壤中碱解氮对黄化叶片叶绿素质量分数呈正效应,适当增加碱解氮质量分数,可增加猕猴桃叶片中总叶绿素质量分数,减轻黄化病的发生。土壤有机质对叶片叶绿素质量分数的直接作用为正效应,部分效应会被钾素的负效应所掩盖,碱解氮与有机质在增加叶片叶绿素的作用为协同作用,生产中,增施有机肥料是防治猕猴桃黄化病发生的重要措施。速效磷和pH对叶绿素质量分数总影响和直接作用均为负效应,均会引起猕猴桃叶片中叶绿素质量分数降低,导致黄化的发生。正常绿叶和黄化叶片的总铁质量分数差异不显著,平均值相差不大,二者盐酸浸提铁的质量分数差异也不显著,但二者总铁与盐酸浸提铁质量分数的比值(总铁/浸铁)差异显著,且比值越大,黄化越严重。因此可以用总铁/浸铁比作为研究果树黄化严重程度的指标。土壤中有机质、碱解氮数量增加,均能降低叶片总铁/浸铁比值,缓解猕猴桃叶片黄化。     

蚯蚓养殖对幼龄胶园土壤养分及橡胶树根系生长的影响

本研究旨在探讨林下蚯蚓养殖对幼龄胶园土壤养分及橡胶树根系生长的影响。以牛粪作为原料,于 2017 年 4—11 月在 4 年生幼龄胶园铺设粪垄养殖蚯蚓,并测定土壤养分和根系生长情况。结果表明,与对照（CK）相比,铺设粪垄无蚯蚓养殖（WQ）和铺设粪垄蚯蚓养殖（Q）处理总体上可显著提高土壤硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾和土壤水分含量以及土壤 pH,而对土壤铵态氮、有机质、微生物活性及微生物群系数量无显著影响（p<0.05）;和 CK 相比,WQ和 Q 处理显著促进根的生长,并提高吸收根的比例（p<0.05）。综上所述,在幼龄胶园养殖蚯蚓短期内（半年）可提高土壤速效养分含量,促进根系生长。     

人工林养分循环研究现状与进展

介绍了人工林养分循环的概念、研究现状,从养分元素含量、养分元素积累与分布、林下植被和森林凋落物等方面分析了人工林养分循环研究的主要内容,同时梧进了人工林养分循环研究存在的问题及其发展趋势。