山西省畜禽粪污土地承载力及粪尿替代化肥潜力分析

为明确山西省畜牧业的发展规模,优化畜牧业发展的空间格局,进一步为山西省农牧业实现绿色发展提供科学依据。研究基于农牧生产系统养分平衡的方法,测算了山西省县域尺度的畜禽粪污土地承载力。结果表明,山西省的种植业与畜牧业发展规模在空间上存在一定的错位,种植业发达的地区主要分布在省域南部和中部的区县,而畜牧业发达的地区则分布在省域北部、中部和东南部的区县;山西省当前的畜牧业发展规模折合为2 371.77万猪当量,以粪尿氮作为约束指标,山西畜牧业可发展规模为5 976.01万猪当量;以粪尿磷(纯磷,下同)作为约束指标,山西畜牧业可发展规模为7 212.27万猪当量。综合粪尿氮磷承载力指数结果分析,超载区域主要分布在省域北部种植业欠发达的区县和省城太原周边的区县;全省粪尿氮、磷的有效供给量分别为18.28万t和3.15万t,可以分别有效替代氮、磷肥39.79%和33.21%。无论以粪尿氮或磷作为约束指标,山西畜牧业整体上仍有较大的发展空间,可适度增加畜禽养殖规模,但需要关注城市近郊区县的畜禽粪尿氮磷的环境排放和大中型养殖企业的点源污染问题。在畜禽粪尿养分资源管理策略上,则应考虑优化农牧业生产布局和区域间协同管理。     

温州三垟湿地底泥疏浚对水体总磷浓度影响的生态模型研究

为研究三垟湿地不同底泥疏浚量对水体的影响,采用STELLA软件,构建了三垟湿地水体TP变化的生态模型并进行了模拟。结果表明:若不疏浚,水体TP会进一步增加;若将1/4的底泥清除,可维持现有水质不再恶化;若清除3/4的底泥,会对水质起到改善作用,第13个月TP浓度可接近Ⅴ类水标准,3年后达Ⅳ类水标准。模拟注入Ⅳ类水,不进行底泥疏浚,TP浓度会迅速增加,1个月后增加到407.09mg.m-3,超过Ⅴ类水标准;若清除底泥的1/4,水质也迅速恶化,2个月后为433.50mg.m-3;若清除底泥的1/2,TP浓度会缓慢上升,3个月后仍好于Ⅴ类水,但水质仍缓慢趋于恶化;若清除3/4的底泥,则TP浓度缓慢下降,具有维持和净化水质的效果。     

新疆绿洲棉田土壤养分时空分布特点

采用土壤调查、分析测试和数理统计的方法研究了新疆典型绿洲棉田土壤养分的时空分布特点,研究结果表明:北疆大部分土壤养分状况好于南疆,尤其是有效钾,北疆比南疆高1倍左右;南、北疆土壤速效氮、速效磷、有机质大部分处于中低水平,北疆有效钾大部分处于高水平,南疆有效钾大部分处于低水平;土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾和有机质等化学指标与地理经纬度有一定的相关性,有些指标与地理经纬度呈显著或极显著的相关性;随着种植年限的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量先增加,然后开始趋于稳定;土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量,随着种植年限的增加而不断增加;土壤钾素状况随着种植年限的增加有下降趋势.     

三江平原地区土壤养分空间分布特征

[目的]全面、准确掌握三江平原地区土壤养分状况空间分布情况,为完善土壤养分管理制度与制定合理施肥措施提供初步的科学依据。[方法]基于网格法取样,用经典统计学和地统计学综合分析该区域土壤养分的空间变异特征。[结果]土壤养分指标的变异系数偏大,在20．17％～66．39％之间;在研究区域呈现一定的空间结构性,各养分指标的空间结构差别较大;空间自相关性明显,最佳拟合模型均为指数模型。块金值（C。）均较大,AN和AK的c。／c。＋C在25％～75％之间,其他指标的C。／Ｃ。＋Ｃ均〈25％。Kriging插值图表明,土壤养分的空间分布格局不同。[结论]从研究区域的整体养分状况来看,饶河县和宝清县交界处以及萝北县土壤养分状况较好．土壤OM、TN、rrP、AP含量均较高,而研究区域的西南部总体养分状况较差,OM、rr=N、_rK、AN、AP含量均处于较低的水平。地形条件、耕作年限是决定该区域土壤养分空间分布的关键因素。     

污泥改良沙土中重金属及营养元素的迁移转化

为探究城市污水厂离心脱水污泥改良沙土对重金属及营养成分迁移转化的影响,利用掺混量为15%的污泥改良沙土作为0—20 cm土层土壤,通过饱和淋洗的方式分析了重金属及营养成分在土层中含量及形态转化,揭示了土层中重金属及营养成分迁移转化规律。结果表明:从重金属总量来看,试验淋洗10次后,土壤表层Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr滞留率较高,分别为78.57%,78.72%,86.35%,76.61%,Ni滞留率较低,为40.37%。但随着淋融次数的增加,重金属都存在一定淋失或向下层土壤迁移的风险;从重金属形态来看,各重金属Ni,Zn,Cr,Cu,Pb活性系数（MF）分别为1.657,0.531,0.265,0.113,0,由此可以得出,Ni,Zn在土壤环境中性质不稳定,Cr,Cu性质较为稳定,Pb最为稳定;改良沙土中氮磷营养元素在淋洗后含量下降,氮的流失率为39.36%,磷的流失率为18.67%,氮素较磷素易发生流失,下层沙土氮提升量高于磷。     

Under drought conditions NaCl improves the nutritional status of the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum but not of the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum is a salt‐accumulating xerophytic species with excellent adaptability to adverse environments. Previous studies demonstrated that Z. xanthoxylum absorbs a great quantity of Na⁺ as an osmoregulatory substance under arid conditions. To investigate the nutritional status of Z. xanthoxylum in comparison with a typical glycophyte, Arabidopsis thaliana, seedlings were exposed to NaCl (50 mM for Z. xanthoxylum and 5 mM for A. thaliana), osmotic stress (–0.5 MPa), and osmotic stress combined with the NaCl treatment. Compared to the control, NaCl treatment or osmotic stress significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, but not of A. thaliana. Under osmotic stress, the addition of NaCl significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, resulting in improved biomass and tissue water content. However, such changes were not observed in A. thaliana. Compared to the control, K⁺ concentrations in leaves and roots remained unchanged in Z. xanthoxylum when exposed to osmotic stress, with or without additional 50 mM NaCl. In contrast, significant reductions in shoot K⁺ concentrations of A. thaliana were observed under osmotic stress alone or when combined with 5 mM NaCl. Moreover, NaCl alone or when combined with osmotic stress enhanced the accumulation of N, P, Fe, Si, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in Z. xanthoxylum, but did not cause such nutritional changes in A. thaliana. Compared to the glycophyte A. thaliana, Z. xanthoxylum could accumulate Na⁺ and maintain the stability of nutritional status at a relatively constant level to cope with drought stress.     

大棚设施土壤养分和重金属状况研究

对山东寿光不同棚龄大棚土壤速效N、P、K及重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量调查表明:随大棚棚龄的增加,速效N、P含量有显著的增加,其增加量与棚龄呈极显著正相关,速效K含量增加幅度不大,即N、P、K施用不均衡;重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量随大棚棚龄的增加有一定的增加,Cd含量没有明显的规律性,但这几项重金属含量均比农田含量要高,表明在大棚高强度施肥及人为活动影响下,引入了重金属;农田及大棚重金属含量均较土壤背景值有一定程度的增加,但未超出国家环境质量标准。     

Burrow building in seabird colonies: a soil-forming process in island ecosystems

Soil modification via biopedturbation by burrow-building seabirds was examined in a Mediterranean, island ecosystem. Physical and chemical soil properties were compared between a colony of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) and adjacent heath across a 14-month period. When compared to heath soil, the biopedturbated soil was 28% drier (6.04±5.40 vol%), had increased bulk density (by 29% to 1.30±0.11 g cm⁻³, 51% porosity), wetting capacity (by 83% to 0.55±0.83 molarity of ethanol droplet), hydraulic conductivity (by 266% to 398.91±252.04 mm h⁻¹), and a greater range in soil surface temperature (31.7±6.2 °C diurnally to 18.3±3.2 °C nocturnally). Soil penetration resistance was reduced by 26% at a depth of 0–100 mm (326.5±122.4 kPa) and by 55% at 500–600 mm (1116.8±465.0 kPa). Colony soil also had increased levels of nitrate (by 470%), phosphorous (118%), ammonium (102%), sulphur (69%), and potassium (34%), decreased levels of iron (by 50%) and organic carbon (61%), was more alkaline, and had a 78% greater conductivity. Shearwaters deposited guano at a rate of 234.4 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (dry mass). Chemical analysis of guano equated this to 50.9, 5.7, 5.5, and 3.6 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of nitrogen, potassium, sulphur, and phosphorous, respectively. Experimentally constructed burrows demonstrated that digging alone can alter physical and chemical soil factors, but that changes in the nutrient profile of colony soils are predominantly guano-driven. We argue that the physical impact of seabirds on soil should not be overlooked as a soil-forming and ecosystem-shaping factor in island ecosystems, and that biopedturbation can exert major bottom-up influences on insular plant and animal communities.     

长期施用控释掺混尿素对麦田土壤酶活性及养分的影响

为探究秸秆还田条件下长期施用控释掺混尿素对土壤酶活性及养分状况的影响。基于自2008年开始的长期定位施肥田间试验,于2021年小麦返青期、挑旗期、灌浆期和成熟期采集0—20 cm土壤样品,以不施氮肥为对照,研究秸秆还田条件下控释掺混尿素(CRF)和普通尿素(BBF)2种氮肥类型及不施氮(N 0 kg/hm²)、减量(N 120 kg/hm²,N1)、常量(N 240 kg/hm²,N2)和增量(N 360 kg/hm²,N3)4个施氮水平对麦季土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响,并对指标进行相关性分析。结果表明：相同施氮水平下的控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素处理土壤蔗糖酶活性提高9.6%～21.0%,纤维素酶活性提高9.0%～31.5%。在小麦返青期和成熟期,控释掺混尿素处理的土壤硝态氮含量显著高于普通尿素处理,提高23.2%～145.0%。在返青期,CRF2处理土壤铵态氮含量较BBF2处理显著提高148.0%;成熟期,各施氮水平的控释掺混尿素处理的土壤铵态氮含量均显著高于普通尿素处理。CRF1和CRF2处理的...     

纳米-亚微米级复合材料对褐潮土有机无机复合体含量及各粒级复合体中C、N、P含量与分布的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了纳米-亚微米级复合材料对褐潮土各粒级复合体组成及其中C、N、P含量与分配的影响。结果表明,1)施入纳米-亚微米级复合材料后,褐潮土各粒级复合体的含量较对照发生了改变,F1(2m)和F3(10～50m)粒级含量降低,F2(2～10m)和F4(50～100m)粒级含量增加。2)纳米-亚微米级复合材料可提高土壤及各粒级中C、N、P的含量,而增加幅度因材料而异;蒙脱土纳米-亚微米级复合物高岭土纳米-亚微米级复合物塑料纳米-亚微米级复合物。3)F3(10～50m)粒级中有机碳、全氮、全磷含量较低,但该粒级复合体含量占土壤固相的比重最大,因此该粒径中C、N、P对土壤肥力的贡献较大。4)纳米-亚微米级复合材料使土壤的有机碳、氮、磷在各粒级复合体中分配系数的增加以F2(2～10m)粒级最高,说明各养分进入F2粒级最多,表明该粒级对土壤养分的转化和平衡起着重要的调节作用。