豫西地区红富士苹果叶片养分含量与果实品质的关系

[目的]揭示苹果叶片营养元素含量与果实品质之间的关系。[方法]对豫西地区22个苹果园红富士苹果叶片N、P、K含量和果实硬度、总糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖/酸进行了分析。[结果]叶片N、P、K含量分别为(21.52±3.30)(、2.37±0.41)(、9.72±1.68)g/kg,Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量分别为(99.06±17.32)(、32.22±6.53)(、3.38±0.53)(、26.51±5.58)mg/kg;果实硬度、总糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖/酸分别为(11.13±0.98)kg/cm2(、113.7±8.2)g/kg(、2.35±0.20)g/kg(、48.81±4.98)。叶片养分含量与果实品质的相关分析和通径分析表明,K含量分别与硬度、总糖含量和糖/酸呈显著正相关,Fe含量与硬度呈显著负相关。[结论]对果实硬度和糖/酸影响最大的是叶片K和Fe的含量,其他元素对果实品质的影响相对较小。     

冀北山地华北落叶松人工林土壤养分的变化规律

为了解随林龄增长华北落叶松人工林土壤养分含量的变化规律,选择4种不同林龄（9年生、18年生、33年生、43年生）的华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对林下土壤的养分特征及其空间变化进行了研究。结果表明,土壤的有机质、碱解氮及全氮含量总体上以43年生华北落叶松人工林最高;速效钾及全钾含量有随林分年龄的增加而逐渐降低的趋势;磷元素则随林龄的增加呈现先下降后上升的趋势;同时,各林分土壤有效磷含量均相对偏低。有机质、碱解氮、全氮、速效钾、全钾及全磷的含量都随土层深度的增加逐渐下降,而有效磷含量则表现出先下降后又上升的趋势,拐点在40 cm左右。总体上,人工落叶松林土壤随林分年龄增加未表现出明显的退化趋势。     

盐池县沙化草地土壤理化性质及酶活性研究

[目的]探讨盐池县沙化草地土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性的变化规律以及草地恢复和土壤恢复之间的关系,为草地土壤系统的恢复治理和可持续利用提供可靠的依据。[方法]对宁夏盐池县北部不同深度和不同沙化程度草地的土壤养分进行统计分析。[结果]随着沙化程度的加剧,土壤全磷、全氮、全钾、速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮、土壤酶活性、土壤水分随着土壤沙化程度的加剧而降低,土壤p H随沙化程度加剧而增大,且不同沙化程度草地之间差异显著(P0.05)。在0~60 cm土层土壤全磷、全氮、全钾、速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶含量随着土壤深度的增加而降低,且不同深度之间差异显著(P0.05),土壤p H、水分、过氧化氢酶含量随深度增加而增加,且不同深度之间差异显著(P0.05)。[结论]随着盐池县草地沙化程度的加剧,土壤理化性质和酶活性呈显著性下降趋势,而p H则呈现上升趋势。土壤养分和酶活性随着土壤深度的增加而降低,物理性质则随之增加,土壤表层理化性质及其酶活性对草地退化的影响最为显著。     

紫色土地区秸秆覆盖耕层土壤养分动态分析

通过田间试验,研究了不同秸秆(水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆)不同量覆盖条件下早地油菜株高、花序数和分枝数的差异,以及0～10cm和10～20cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾和pH的动态变化过程,并进行了产量分析.结果表明:秸秆覆盖处理下油菜株高高于对照,有速腐剂处理的株高最高;秸秆覆盖处理花序数多于对照;速腐剂处理下一级分枝数高于不加速腐剂处理;覆盖处理的有机质和碱解氮含量均略高于对照;加速腐剂覆盖处理的产量最高.     

秸秆和地膜双元覆盖对设施黄瓜根系生长和根际土壤养分的影响

[目的]研究秸秆和地膜双元覆盖条件对设施黄瓜结果期根系生长和根际土壤养分含量的影响,为北方寒旱区设施农业可持续生产提供理论依据和技术支持。[方法]以设施黄瓜为试材,采用日光温室试验和室内测定的分析方法。[结果]玉米秸秆加地膜的双元覆盖处理可明显增加根际土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等养分含量,促进植株根系生长,其中0.72kg/m2秸秆量并覆膜处理效果和推广性最佳,与对照相比,在结果后期提高根际土壤有机质、全磷、全钾、碱解氮含量及根系数、根冠比、总根长、根表面积、根系活力分别达20.83%,22.83%,5.16%,5.53%,73.24%,32.76%,65.42%,45.94%和10.41%。[结论]秸秆和地膜复合的双元覆盖效果优于秸秆或地膜单一覆盖处理。     

河南省小麦肉鸡代谢能预测方程的建立

本试验采用化学分析和肉鸡代谢试验建立了河南省小麦养分含量与代谢能的回归方程。试验1:选取河南省11种不同的成熟小麦,测定概略养分含量和容重,分析养分含量变化范围。试验2:用小麦、次粉、麸皮、面粉按照总戊聚糖含量梯度配制人工小麦,再添加一定量的维生素和矿物质,配制成人工小麦代谢饲粮。选取常规饲养的商品代罗斯308雄性白羽肉鸡进行代谢试验,分别在11~13日龄和25~27日龄,用全收粪法测定人工小麦代谢饲粮的表观代谢能(AME)、真代谢能(TME)、氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)和氮校正真代谢能(TMEn),并采用逐步回归法建立AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn的回归方程。结果表明:1)河南省小麦粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及总磷(TP)含量的变异系数相对较大,分别为16.67%、15.84%、14.96%、19.32%。2)肉鸡对人工小麦代谢饲粮的养分表观代谢率在11~13日龄和25~27日龄存在差异,25~27日龄肉鸡对人工小麦代谢饲粮ADF、粗纤维(CF)的表观代谢率高于11~13日龄,AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn也高于11~13日龄。3)采用逐步回归法建立河南省小麦肉鸡代谢能的预测方程为:11~13日龄,AME=14.628-0.184NDF(R2=0.842,P<0.01),TME=15.49-0.197NDF(R2=0.854,P<0.01),AMEn=14.571-0.184NDF(R2=0.847,P<0.01),TMEn=15.49-0.197NDF(R2=0.854,P<0.01);25~27日龄,AME=15.462-0.217NDF(R2=0.797,P<0.01),TME=16.124-0.214NDF(R2=0.809,P<0.01),AMEn=15.179-0.208NDF(R2=0.801,P<0.01),TMEn=16.123-0.214NDF(R2=0.809,P<0.01)。4)通过预测方程计算所得人工小麦代谢饲粮AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn的预测值与实测值很接近,计算所得的河南省小麦AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn符合预期值。由此得出,不同品种河南省小麦之间EE、NDF、ADF及TP的含量差异相对较大;不同日龄阶段的肉鸡对小麦代谢能存在差异,设计肉鸡饲粮配方时,不同阶段饲粮代谢能应采用对应的代谢能值;低于14日龄的肉鸡,预测方程为AME=14.628-0.184NDF,TME=15.49-0.197NDF,AMEn=14.571-0.184NDF,TMEn=15.49-0.197NDF;14日龄以上的肉鸡,预测方程为AME=15.462-0.217NDF,TME=16.124-0.214NDF,AMEn=15.179-0.208NDF,TMEn=16.123-0.214NDF。     

第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤中营养元素的淋失

A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with soil columns repacked in laboratory. The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^-. The treatments were CK (as a control), CaCO₃, CaSO₄, MgCO₃, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, urea, KCl, and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers). The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days. Leaching processes of NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- were only measured in CK, urea, and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching. Results showed that sole application of CaSO₄, and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ scarcely had any effect on the leaching losses of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺; the application of MgCO₃ stimulated the leaching of Mg²⁺; the application of CaCO₃ promoted the leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K⁺ and NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular; under KCl treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ was promoted to a large extent; under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- was all increased and NO₃^- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase.     

Yield constraints of rainfed lowland rice in Central Java, Indonesia

The low and unstable yields of rainfed lowland rice in Central Java can be attributed to drought, nutrient stress, pest infestation or a combination of these factors. Field experiments were conducted in six crop seasons from 1997 to 2000 at Jakenan Experiment Station to quantify the yield loss due to these factors. Experimental treatments—two water supply levels (well-watered, rainfed) in the main plots and five fertilizer levels (0-22-90, 120-0-90, 120-22-0, 120-22-90, 144-27-108 kg NPK ha⁻¹) in the subplots—were laid out in a split-plot design with four replications. Crop, soil, and water parameters were recorded and pest infestations were assessed.

In all seasons, rice yield was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments. Average yield reduction due to N omission was 42%, to K omission 33–36%, and to P omission 3–4%. Water by nutrient interactions did not affect rice yield and biomass production. In two of the three dry seasons, an average of 20% of the panicles were damaged by pests and estimated yield loss from pests was 56–59% in well-watered and well-fertilized treatments. In one out of six seasons, yields under rainfed conditions were 20–23% lower than under well-watered conditions. Drought, N and K deficiencies, and pest infestation are the major determinants for high yields in rainfed environments in Jakenan. Supplying adequate nutrient and good pest control are at least as important as drought management for increasing crop productivity of rainfed rice-growing areas in Central Java. The relative importance of drought, nutrient and pest management may vary in other rainfed areas. Yield constraints analysis should be systematically carried out to identify appropriate management strategies.     

芜湖市秸秆资源利用与还田养分输入量空间差异特征分析

了解研究区域秸秆资源现状和秸秆还田养分输入量及其空间分布特征,能够为协调秸秆养分资源有效利用、促进农业化肥减量增效提供决策依据。本研究以芜湖市2019年主要秸秆（玉米、水稻、小麦、棉花和油菜）为研究对象,通过作物种植面积和秸秆养分含量测算出单位面积秸秆全量还田下氮、磷、钾养分输入量及其加权变异系数,明确芜湖市秸秆还田养分输入量的空间分布及差异特征。结果表明：芜湖市主要秸秆氮、磷、钾养分资源总量分别为12 223、1 747、23 404 t,各县（市、区）养分资源总量的分布表现为无为市>南陵县>鸠江区>湾沚区>繁昌区>弋江区>镜湖区;芜湖市单位种植面积秸秆可收集量为5.63 t·hm^-2,其中玉米最高,达到了13.71 t·hm^-2;芜湖市玉米单位种植面积秸秆还田氮、磷、钾输入量分别为126.16、20.57、161.81 kg·hm^-2;芜湖市单位种植面积秸秆还田氮、磷、钾输入量的加权变异系数为0.137 5,为中等程度变异,其中鸠江区和南陵县与其他县（市、区）的空间差异较大,空间分布差异最大的秸秆为玉米秸秆,其加权变异系数显著高于其他作物秸秆。     

Influences of forest tending works on carbon distribution and cycling in a Pinus densiflora S. et Z. stand in Korea

This study was conducted to determine carbon (C) dynamics following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities conducted by Korean forest police and managers. We measured organic C storage (above- and below-ground biomass C, forest floor C, and soil C at 50 cm depth), soil environmental factors (soil CO₂ efflux, soil temperature, soil water content, soil pH, and soil organic C concentration), and organic C input and output (litterfall and litter decomposition rates) for one year in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. This forest was thinned in 2005 as a representative FTW practice. The total C stored in tree biomass was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the FTW stand (40.17 Mg C ha⁻¹) than in the control stand (64.52 Mg C ha⁻¹). However, C storage of forest floor and soil layers measured at four different depths was not changed by FTW, except for that at the surface soil depth (0–10 cm). The organic C input due to litterfall and output due to needle litter decomposition were both significantly lower in the FTW stand than in the control stand (2.02 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 2.80 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 308 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 364 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, both P < 0.05). Soil environmental factors were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by FTW, except for soil CO₂ efflux rates and organic C concentration at soil depth of 0–20 cm. The mean annual soil CO₂ efflux rates were the same in the FTW (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) and control (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) stands despite monthly variations of soil CO₂ efflux over the one-year study period. The mean soil organic C concentration at a soil depth of 0–20 cm was lower in the FTW stand (81.3 g kg⁻¹) than in the control stand (86.4 g kg⁻¹) but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, the mean soil temperature was significantly higher, the mean soil water content was significantly lower, and the soil pH was significantly higher in the FTW stand than in the control stand (10.34 °C vs. 8.98 °C, 48.2% vs. 56.4%, and pH 4.83 vs. pH 4.60, respectively, all P < 0.05). These results indicated that FTW can influence tree biomass C dynamics, organic C input and output, and soil environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content and soil pH, while soil C dynamics such as soil CO₂ efflux rates and soil organic C concentration were little affected by FTW in a red pine stand.