大花萱草工厂化快繁技术研究

以大花萱草"红运"的茎段和花蕾为外植体,进行了消毒剂和移栽基质的筛选,研究不同浓度激素组合对茎段、花蕾、丛芽愈伤组织诱导和生根的影响。结果表明:茎段愈伤诱导最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L;花蕾愈伤诱导最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0～3.0 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L;丛芽分化增殖适宜的培养基为MS+6-BA 0.3 mg/L+IBA 0.1 mg/L和MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L,二者可交替使用;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA 0.5mg/L;用0.1%HgCl₂溶液消毒10 min为宜,蛭石为适宜大规模生产的移栽基质。     

新式旱育秧苗叶片的解剖学观察

从显微水平和超微水平对杂交水稻汕优桂９９的新式旱育、传统旱育和半水育三种方式秧苗叶片的表皮、叶肉和叶脉进行观察，结果发现：表皮细胞外壁厚度、硅质乳突的数量、泡状细胞组相对大小、气孔器的密度；多环叶肉细胞数量；叶脉面积相对大小、叶脉上下方机械组织的细胞数等，均是新式旱育秧苗的叶片最大，传统旱育的次之，半水育的最小。观察结果从解剖学方面说明了新式旱育秧苗素质好的原因所在     

Current status of farming practices of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Aquaculture of catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage), locally known as “ca tra”, and commonly referred to as striped catfish, river catfish and sutchi catfish, in Vietnam, having recorded a production of 683,000 tonnes in 2007, valued at about 645 million US$ is one of the largest single species based farming system, restricted to a small geographical area, in the world. The product is almost totally exported to over 100 countries as frozen fillets, as an acceptable alternative to white fish. Catfish is farmed mostly in earthen ponds, up to 4 m deep, in nine provinces in the Mekong Delta in South Vietnam. The results of the grow-out system of catfish farming in the Mekong Delta from a survey of 89 farms are presented. The farm size ranged from 0.2 to 30 ha with a mean of 4.09 ha. The frequency distribution of the yield in tonne/ha/crop and tonne/ML/crop corresponded to a normal distribution curve, where 75% of the farms yielded 300 tonnes/ha/crop or more. It was found that the yield per crop was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to stocking density, pond depth and volume but not to pond surface area. Yields per crop was significantly different (p < 0.05) between upper and lower provinces of the Mekong Delta and water source (river versus channels), amongst others. It was evident that diseases and/or symptoms were observed to occur mostly in accordance with the onset of rains. In this paper the history of the catfish farming in the Mekong Delta is briefly traced, and current harvesting and marketing procedures as well as pertinent social elements of the farming community are dealt with.     

园林企业苗木材料信息库的应用研究

分析了苗木材料信息库的建立和数据内容,从预算成本、苗木材料购价、采购供应方案管理、企业展示等方面探讨了园林企业苗木材料信息库的应用,以期提供参考。     

我国经济调整转型中的苗圃机械化

党的“十八大”召开以来,我国的经济社会正在经历一场深刻的变革,即经济结构战略性调整、企业改造转型升级。这给我国苗圃机械化带来了一次发展机遇,苗圃机械将在其自身的调整转型、拓展升级中,由目前的小微企业小批量、单件加工阶段,向大批量、标准化制造阶段发展,最终实现规模化生产。     

The spatial distribution of exoenzyme activities across the soil micro-landscape,as measured in micro- and macro-aggregates,and ecosystem processes

The spatial ecology of soil microbial communities and their functioning is an understudied aspect of soil microbial ecology. Much of our understanding of the spatial organisation of microbial communities has been obtained at scales that are inappropriate for identifying how microbial functioning and spatial patterns are related. In order to reveal the spatial strategies of soil microorganisms, we measured the microscale spatial distribution of 6 exoenzyme activities (EEA) and related them to the catalytic potential of three soils. The relationship between EEA profiles and microbial community structure was also measured in soil aggregates. All the EEA exhibited scale-invariant spatial clustering. The extent of spatial clustering varied significantly among EEA, suggesting that microbial communities employ different spatial strategies when foraging for different elements. The dispersed distribution of alkaline phosphatase suggests that microorganisms invest more heavily in the acquisition of P. The EEA associated with the C and N cycles, but not the P cycle, were significantly affected by management practices in the loamy soil. A significant negative relationship between the extent of spatial clustering of EEA and the overall intensity of the EEA was identified in the two loamy soils, indicating that the microscale spatial ecology of microbial activity may have a significant impact on biogeochemical cycles. No relationship was found between microbial community structure and EEA profiles in aggregates. However, a number of negative relationships between the relative abundance of certain taxa and the most dispersed EEA (alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase) were found, suggesting that these taxa make the EEA products available by means other than the production of exoenzymes (e.g. solubilisation of phosphate through the production of organic acids).     

Assessment of some major yield-limiting factors on maize production in a humid temperate environment

Despite the availability of modern hybrids and better agronomic practices, there existed large gaps between attainable yield of maize (Zea mays L.) grown with recommended practices and producers’ harvest yields in the humid temperate regions of eastern Canada. A field experiment was conducted for 3 years in Ottawa, Canada, to determine the most important management yield-limiting factor(s) on rainfed maize grain production. A package of recommended practices (RP) was composed with the recommended levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), micronutrients, chemical weed control, and plant population density (PPD). Each factor was modified from the RP, making a total of 11 treatments. Under the low occurrence of diseases or insects, weed infestation was the most important yield-limiting factor, which reduced grain yield by 27–38%. While lack of preplant N application (100 kg ha⁻¹) reduced yield by 10–22%, there was no yield increment with additional sidedressing N (50 kg N ha⁻¹). Grain yield was reduced by 8–13% with low PPD (60,000 plants ha⁻¹) in all years, whereas increasing PPD to 90,000 plants ha⁻¹ did not improve yield, compared with the RP. Withhold P application did not affect yield in all years, but yield was reduced by up to 13% in the absence of K, and by 10% and 12% without Zn or Mn, respectively, in 1 year. Our results indicated that lack of weed control (i.e. herbicide use) was the major yield-limiting factor followed by fertilizer N and PPD. The responses of grain yield to K, Zn, and Mn were site and/or year specific. Our study provided experimental data and an insight understanding of yield gap between genotype's yield potential achievable with recommended practices and yields with producers’ practices.     

三峡库区脐橙果园不同深度的土壤肥力指数

In the Three Gorges Area of China, soil erosion and the resultant non-point source pollution and ecological degradation have endangered agricultural ecosystems and fresh water reservoirs. Although efforts have been undertaken to reduce soil and water losses from slope land used for citrus production, information on the effects of management practices on soil fertility indices is either limited or nonexistent. This study was conducted to compare the effects of 10 years of various management practices, citrus intercropped with white clover (WC), citrus mulched with straw (SM), citrus intercropped with contour hedgerows (CH), citrus orchard land with impermeable membrane (IM), and citrus intercropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and peanut (Arachris hypogaea) (WP), as treatments on soil fertility indices with that of the conventional citrus management (CM). Results showed that the soil organic carbon, total and available nitrogen, available potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at the 0–5 cm depth were higher for the WC and SM treatments than the CM treatment. There was also spatial variation in soil fertility along slopes of the WC and SM treatments. The soil total and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at both the 0–5 and 5–20 cm depths were higher for the CH and IM treatments than the CM treatment. The average soil available nitrogen and available potassium contents were higher for the WP treatment than the CM treatment, but the WP treatment had little effect on the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents. These suggested that white clover intercropping and straw mulching were the most effective approaches to improve soil fertility in citrus orchard land of the Three Gorges area.     

瓯江口夏秋季渔场浮性鱼卵和仔鱼的时空分布

利用2007年6月和9月瓯江口海域鱼卵、仔鱼调查资料,分析瓯江口渔场鱼卵、仔鱼种类组成、数量分布、产卵场位置和产卵期特征.结果表明,调查期间瓯江口鱼卵、仔鱼共出现6目11科18种(包括1种未定种),其中鲈形目种类最多,鲱形目次之.6月是瓯江口鱼类的产卵期,产卵场位于洞头大门岛周围水域,主要是规格较小的地区性物种,也是大型经济鱼类的饵料,例如小公鱼和虾虎鱼等;9月产卵场主要位于洞头群岛水域外侧,主要是一些经济鱼类,如白姑鱼等.瓯江口海域所处纬度、海域地形地貌和水文环境特征以及瓯江径流的综合影响,使大门岛附近成为瓯江口海域的主要产卵场.     

宁夏葡萄苗圃根结线虫病发病症状、为害程度及种类

为有效防治葡萄苗圃根结线虫病,采用拔根百分法和直接解剖法调查宁夏永宁县玉泉营镇葡萄苗圃葡萄苗木根结线虫病的发病症状、为害程度,并通过形态学和分子生物学对其种类进行鉴定。结果表明:15个葡萄品种的病害症状之间有一定差异。除抗砧3号外,其余14个葡萄品种均受根结线虫侵染,且不同葡萄品种受根结线虫为害的严重度差异明显,其中西拉、红芭拉蒂、爱神玫瑰、阳光玫瑰、马瑟兰、贝达和黑比诺上根结线虫病较严重,病情指数介于51.67～78.33之间,大青的病情指数最低,为21.67。不同葡萄品种的每根段雌成虫数量之间、每根段根结数量之间差异明显,其中葡萄品种贝达的每根段雌成虫数量和每根段根结数量最多,分别为12.47条和4.27个,葡萄品种黑比诺的每根段雌成虫数量和每根段根结数量较少,分别为3.60条和1.73个;每根段雌成虫数量随着每根段根结数量的增加而增加。根据根结线虫2龄幼虫、雌成虫和会阴花纹的形态学特征及分子生物学鉴定结果确定为害葡萄苗圃的根结线虫主要为南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita和花生根结线虫M. arenaria。除抗砧3号外,其它14个葡萄品种均不同程度的感染了南方根结线虫和花生根结线虫,且所有葡萄品种感染南方根结线虫的比例均较高。