孟加拉吉大港市藤家具企业的经济效益分析

采用分阶段抽样方式对大港市藤家具企业的经济效益进行调查.根据总投资将企业分为大型、中型和小型三类.大部分的企业(55%)已有40-50年的历史,仅有18.33%的企业历史超过50年.在小型和中型企业中,具有大学毕业文凭的企业家只占8.33%, 而大型企业的大学毕业者占18.33%.大部分企业(45%)属于小型企业,66.67%的工人经过技术培训.7种商品是藤类制品并有16种尺寸,如沙发(45 cm ( 45 cm, 50 cm ( 50 cm and 55 cm ( 55 cm), 配套餐桌(4把椅子,1个桌子,或6把椅子1个桌子),床(1 m ( 2m, 1.3 m ( 2.3 m and 1.5 m ( 2.3 m),椅子(45cm(45cm and 50cm(50cm),摇椅(大、中、小)等.在所有大型、中型和小型企业中,以生产椅子最多,床最少.大型藤家具企业的总净收益和收益造价比(1:16)最高.     

1980-2017年孟加拉国城市扩张的景观格局变化特征及其模式

[目的] 对1980—2017年孟加拉国城市扩张的景观格局变化特征及其模式进行研究，为该国及发展中国家的城市土地利用与管理提供差异化发展建议。[方法] 以“一带一路”沿线孟加拉国的4个主要城市Dhaka，Chittagong，Khulna和Sylhet为研究对象，分析1980，1990，2000，2010和2017年5期4个城市扩张过程中的景观格局变化特征，识别城市扩张模式。[结果] 1980—2017年，孟加拉国4个主要城市的扩张规模表现为：Dhaka > Chittagong > Khulna > Sylhet，扩张速度表现为：Sylhet > Dhaka > Chittagong > Khulna；4个城市扩张的景观格局变化趋势均表现为面积持续增加，优势度加强，破碎化程度波动上升。空间格局向复杂化和不规则化方向发展，空间形态逐渐多样化。1980—1990年，Dhaka，Chittagong和Sylhet这3个城市扩张的主要模式为外部扩张式，Khulna主要为邻接扩张式，1990—2017年，邻接扩张式成为4个城市扩张的主要模式，城市连片度逐渐增高。[结论] 1980年以来，孟加拉国城市持续扩张，景观格局发生显著变化，扩张模式总体呈由外部扩张式向邻接扩张式转变的趋势。     

Characterization of water quality in shrimp ponds of different sizes and with different management regimes using multivariate statistical analysis

Coastal shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh is mostly practiced in an agricultural unit called a Gher, which is a special type of agricultural field with elevated surrounding embankments/borders situated by the side of a river that is used to grow rice in winter and shrimp in summer. Ghers of different sizes are managed in different ways. An on-farm project was carried out to study the effects of Gher size and their related management practices on water quality, shrimp production and the economic returns of shrimp farming in the Southwest coastal region of Bangladesh. We present here the results of this project with respect to water quality as explored through factor analysis, which was applied as a way to understand the nature and extent of the effects of different variables. For the majority of the variables and factors, one-half to two-thirds of their variability was explained by changes over time (months), and a further one-quarter to one-third was explained by Gher size and associated management practices. The alternating dry/monsoon season and water management practices determined long-term and large-scale (annual) water exchange in the Ghers that mainly affected processes related to live and dead particles suspended in the water column. Processes related to decomposition and nitrification were more dependent on short-term (days) water circulation in the Ghers, which is turn was reliant on the time span between the exchanges of water in the Ghers and river. Our results show that improved management leads to higher natural and shrimp productivity in the smaller Ghers and strongly support the argument put forward by the policy makers and scientific community in Bangladesh that the smaller the Gher, the better they can be managed and the better the possibility of increased shrimp survival and production.     

Population genetic studies of hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton), in Bangladesh waters: evidence for the existence of separate gene pools

Hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton), in Bangladesh is found in inland rivers, estuaries and the marine environment, throughout the year, but the peak catch period is during upstream migration. Tissue (white muscle, liver, brain) samples (total 640 specimens) were collected from three different localities, representing marine, brackish and fresh water, during the monsoon in the summer of the years 1993–1996 to identify genetic markers and study the population structure of this species. The samples were analysed by starch gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, and stained for 15 enzymes and general muscle proteins. Only phosphoglucomutase, aspartate amino transferase, esterase and unidentified muscle proteins were found to be polymorphic. The allele frequencies for the samples collected in the marine environment deviated from corresponding samples from freshwater and estuarine localities, indicating that hilsa shad in Bangladesh waters comprise more than one gene pool.     

孟加拉哈提亚地区海岸造林对土壤性质的影响

在孟加拉诺阿卡利地区及相临裸地,对海岸植被(12年和17年生无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala)进行探索性研究,以便了解海岸造林对土壤特性的影响.在三种不同地带(内陆、中部、海边),在12年生和17年生无瓣海桑林下,土壤深度分别为0-10,10-30和30-40cm,土壤湿度、土壤粒度、有机质、C含量、总N、pH、有效P、K、Na、Ca和Mg含量明显高(p≤0.05,p≤0.01,p≤0.001)于其相临裸地的数据,土壤含盐量明显(p≤0.01)低于其相临裸地的数据.在内陆CharAlim植被,土壤表面的土壤湿度,土壤粒度,有机质,C含量、总N、pH、土壤含盐量、有效P、K、Na、Ca和Mg含量分别为:31.09%、2.24 g·cm-3、2.41%、4.14%、0.58%、7.07、O.09 dS·cm-1、28.06 mg·L-1、O.50 mg·L-1、11.5 mg·L-1、3.30 mg·L-1和2.7 mmol·kg-1;而在相邻的Char Rehania贫瘠地区的相同土壤深度,其相关值分别为:16.69%、1.25g·cm-3、O.43%、0.74%、O.25%、6.57、0.13 dS·cm-1、13.07mg·L-1、O.30mg·L-1、1.4 mg·L-1、O.30 mmol·kG-1和0.50 nag·L-1.然而,在小内陆到海边的植被中,土壤湿度、土壤密度、有机质、C含量、总N、pH、有效P、K、Na和Ca含量逐渐降低,而土壤含盐量、Na和Mg含量却逐渐增加.虽然,在植被与相临裸地的不同土壤深度中土壤质地不同,植被地中砂土份额明显(p≤0.01)低于相临裸地,而粉砂土份额则明显(p≤0.001)高于裸地.在本研究中,所有参数的评价也在为其他地区相关研究得到应用.     

A survey of gastro-intestinal parasitic infection in domestic and wild birds in Chittagong and Greater Sylhet,Bangladesh

A survey of gastrointestinal parasitic infection as determined by faecal examination was conducted among domestic and wild birds in Bangladesh. Birds were sampled from households, wet markets and wetlands in Chittagong and Greater Sylhet districts during April 2012 to February 2013. Mist nets were used to catch resident wild and migratory birds. The overall prevalence of parasitic infection ranged among locations from 25 to 55% in indigenous domestic ducks (live bird samples = 304), 20% in resident wild birds (environmental faecal samples = 40) and 40% in migratory birds (live bird samples = 35). The prevalence of parasitic infection was significantly higher in indigenous domestic ducks collected during summer (39%) than winter (22%) (p = 0.04). In domestic indigenous ducks and Muscovy ducks, both single and multiple types of parasitic infections were found. However, other domestic birds and wild birds often had a single type of parasitic infection. Ascaridia spp. with an average egg load of 50–900, was commonly detected in faecal samples of domestic and wild birds in this study. Other identified parasites were Capillaria spp. and Heterakis spp. both in domestic and wild birds. Improvement of biosecurity measures for household duck farms through educating and motivating household farmers could help mitigate the effects of parasitic infection on production.     

Regeneration ecology and population status of a critically endangered and endemic tree species （Ilex khasiana Purk.） in north-eastern India

Detailed studies on population structure and regeneration ecology of Ilex khasiana were carried out at five representative natural populations i.e. Mylliem (Population - I), Upper Shillong (Population - II), Shillong Peak (Population - III), Laitkor (Population - IV) and Nongpiyur (Population - V) to probe into the responsible affecting factors for its population structure and regeneration ability in these populations. Experimental observation under three controlled light conditions (full sunlight (100%), intermediate sunlight (50%) and low sunlight (30%)) showed that the growth status and survival rates of seedlings under intermediate and low light were better than those under the high light condition. The density-diameter distribution in population of adult trees (≥5cm dbh) exhibited a typical character of a regenerating population. A higher seedling mortality rate in natural populations of I. khasiana was most probably due to increase in light intensity following vegetation destruction and other anthropogenic disturbances that cause opening of forest canopy. The findings of the present study would be of immense value in formulating appropriate conservation measures for the species.     

A review on the use of non-timber forest products in beauty-care in Bangladesh

This review describes the non-timber forest products （NTFPs） used for different aspects of beauty-care in Bangladesh on the basis of extensive literature survey. The diverse plant species, including used parts and using patterns for hair care, facial treatments and body care, were summarized in 13 tables. This paper accumulate the scattered knowledge regarding the use of plants in beauty-care in Bangladesh, to draw the extent of use of NTFPs in health care and to record the knowledge for assessing the possibilities of further implementation in herbal cosmetics industries. The structured knowledge can be used in policy making process for sustainable management of these valuable NTFPs leading to the conservation of the country＇s biological diversity. It is suggested that intensive field level research is necessary for securing sustainability of NTFPs.     

孟加拉森林保护区系统综述

孟加拉目前共建立了19个保护区,包含了该国家全部4种森林类型。这些保护区既可以保存生物多样性,也为当地群众维持生计提供资源。一直以来,各个保护区由国家林业局统一管理以确保森林的可持续性：近期,一项共同管理措旌开始在5个保护区试点,借此发展参与森林保护的伙伴。此项措施已经产生一些积极的影响,还要适当的附加限制的发挥积极性,确保共同参与这项措施获得成功,推进正在进行的保护计划。本文综述了已发表的研究成果、政府和项目文件,来分析保护区的现状,并给出相应的建议。