Controlled-release insecticide granules, compared with other soil insecticides, for use against the termite, Macrotermes natalensis Haviland, in the establishment of Eucalyptus plantations

Following the banning of DDT and dieldrin, and pending the withdrawal of other organochlorine insecticides in many countries, there is a need to find alternative treatments against termites for the establishment of Eucalyptus forestry plantations. Controlled-release granules (CRG) of carbosulfan, carbofuran and phorate were nearly as effective as chlordane emulsifiable concentrate (0·6 g a.i./tree) in reducing attack on Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden by Macrotermes natalensis Haviland. The optimum application rate of CRG formulations was 1·0 g a.i./tree mixed with the surrounding soil at planting out. Changes in granule size and release rate had no discernable effect on the efficacy of the granules, nor was there any advantage in incorporating part of the dose in the seedling planting medium. Chlorpyrifos CRG was significantly less effective in protecting the trees. There was evidence that under dry soil conditions phorate CRG was ineffective. Of 11 other non-controlled-release insecticides tested, alphamethrin suspension concentrate at 0·1 g a.i./tree was the only non-organochlorine material as effective as the CRG formulations.     

不同杀虫剂对白背飞虱的防治效果

试验结果表明,药后7d以醚菊酯10%悬浮剂防治白背飞虱效果最好,防效达90.2%,其次是吡蚜酮50%水分散粒剂,防效为83%;但持效性优于醚菊酯,2种药剂可在生产上推广使用。     

Recent developments in ectoparasiticides

The sales and use of ectoparasiticides for the control of arthropod parasites of domestic animals constitute a major sector of the global animal health market. Animals are infected by a number of parasitic insect and acarine species causing major economic losses in production livestock, intense irritation and skin disease in companion animals, or public health issues, including bites of humans or zoonotic disease transmission. Dog and cat fleas, for example, can be a serious source of both animal and human irritation, which has led to a rapid expansion in the development of flea control products. The control of ectoparasite infections of veterinary importance still relies heavily on the use of chemicals that target the arthropod nervous system. Such compounds have suffered from a number of drawbacks, including the development of resistance and concerns over human and environmental safety. The search for safer technologies has, however, been hindered by the limited number of active target sites present in arthropods and, to some degree, by the ever-increasing costs of research and development of compounds with novel modes of action.This review provides a background to the currently available groups of ectoparasiticide compounds used in veterinary medicine and highlights some of the more recent developments including the introduction of insect growth regulators and new and improved methods of product application.     

雷公藤提取农药用总生物碱工艺的优化(简报)

为杀虫活性物质雷公藤生物碱的产业化开发利用奠定基础,以雷公藤根皮中总生物碱提取率为评价指标,综合考察pH值、提取时间、乙醇浓度、固液比和提取次数5个关键因素的影响,以L16(45)正交试验设计优选了雷公藤总生物碱的提取工艺条件,并利用人工神经网络进行仿真、评估和优化,最终获得了雷公藤根皮中总生物碱的提取优化工艺:根皮粉细度30目,pH2.5,固液比1︰10,乙醇浓度65%,提取时间2h,提取2次。该优化工艺条件不仅可减少成本,降低能耗,而且使雷公藤总生物碱提取率略有提高,在实际生产中具有较好的应用价值。     

醚菊酯在模拟水生系和稻田中的残留行为

通过模拟和田间试验,研究了醚菊酯在模拟水生系和稻田环境中的残留、降解及分布．结果表明：醚菊酯在模拟水生系和稻田环境中的降解符合方程式Ｃ＝Ｃｏｅ－ｋｔ;水浮莲对水中醚菊酯的吸收富集能力和保持能力都大于罗非鱼,醚菊酯在生物和环境中的残留及分布表现为接触性,其内吸传导性小     

德国小蠊的抗药性及多功能氧化酶在抗性中的作用

通过敏感性测定、增效作用试验和酶活力测定,分析了德国小蠊对拟除虫菊酯类药剂的抗药性 以及多功能氧化酶在抗药性中的作用,结果表明采自杭州的德国小蠊品系对二氯苯醚菊酯、溴氰菊酯和 氯氰菊酯的抗性系数分别是敏感品系的６７．１倍, １８．１倍和１１．８倍,利用多功能氧化酶的抑制剂── 氧化胡椒基丁醚作为增效剂测定抗性品系对二氯苯醚菊酯的增效作用,增效３．６９倍,离体酶活力测定 的结果表明,抗性品系中多功能氧化酶活力明显高于敏感品系,由此认为,德国小蠊的杭州品系已对拟 除虫菊酯药剂产生了抗药性,多功能氧化酶活力增强是导致德国小蠊抗药性产生和发展的重要原因。     

Insecticide resistance in house flies from caged‐layer poultry facilities

The frequency of resistance of eight strains of house flies, Musca domestica L., collected from caged‐layer poultry facilities across New York state, to nine insecticides (dimethoate, tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin, cyfluthrin, pyrethrins, methomyl, fipronil, spinosad and cyromazine) was measured relative to a laboratory susceptible strain. Percentage survival was evaluated at five diagnostic concentrations: susceptible strain LC₉₉, 3 × LC₉₉, 10 × LC₉₉, 30 × LC₉₉ and 100 × LC₉₉. The highest levels of resistance were noted for tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin and cyfluthrin. There was substantial variation in the levels of resistance to the different insecticides from one facility to another, independent of their geographical location. There was very little cross‐resistance detected in these populations to either fipronil or spinosad. Overall, there was a good correlation between insecticide use histories and the levels of resistance. The apparent isolation of fly populations within poultry facilities suggests that there are good opportunities for the implementation of successful resistance management strategies at these facilities. Differences between these results and those of a resistance survey on New York dairy farms in 1987 are discussed. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

A three‐year field study on the short‐term effects of insecticides used to control cereal aphids on plant‐dwelling aphid predators in winter wheat

Short‐term effects of six insecticides used to control aphids were assessed in wheat on plant‐dwelling aphid predators. Products were applied to small plots of winter wheat in June or at the beginning of July and the densities of predators were estimated three days after treatment using a beating method. Insecticides were tested in 1994, 1995 and 1997 at a single dose, corresponding to their maximum recommended field rate in Belgium. Fluvalinate and esfenvalerate did not significantly reduce catches of syrphid larvae compared to the control but ladybirds were affected by these compounds. Pirimicarb was the only product tested that had no effect on ladybirds. However, syrphid larvae appeared sensitive to this product. Cyfluthrin, deltamethrin and phosalone reduced catches of both syrphids and ladybirds. Populations of lacewing larvae were unaffected by any of the insecticide treatments. Syrphid larvae were the most abundant aphid predator and Episyrphus balteatus the most common species. Ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata) were less numerous and only a few Chrysoperla carnea larvae were recorded. These results indicate that products that are less toxic to syrphid larvae, like esfenvalerate and fluvalinate, may be preferable to other compounds to control cereal aphids in wheat in spring and early summer. However, other criteria, such as the effectiveness of the different aphid‐specific predators, cost, efficacy of the treatment and side effects on other aphid antagonists (including parasitic hymenoptera and polyphagous predators) must also be taken into consideration. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Binding activity of substituted benzyl derivatives of chloronicotinyl insecticides to housefly‐head membranes,and its relationship to insecticidal activity against the housefly Musca domestica

Variously substituted benzyl derivatives of chloronicotinyl insecticides were synthesized with a wide range of substituents including halogens, NO₂, CN, CF₃ and small alkyl and alkoxy groups at the ortho, meta and para positions, as well as multiple‐substituted benzyl analogues. Their binding activity to the α‐bungarotoxin binding site in housefly (Musca domestica) head membrane preparations was measured. Among the compounds tested, the activity of the meta‐CN derivative was the highest, being 20–100 times higher than those of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and nitenpyram. The synergized insecticidal activity against houseflies was also measured for selected compounds with the metabolic inhibitor, NIA16388 (propargyl propyl phenylphosphonate). For the nitromethylene analogues, including both benzyl and pyridylmethyl analogues, higher binding activity usually resulted in higher insecticidal activity. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

A New Group of Plant-Derived Naphthoquinone Pesticides

A series of compounds with structures based on insecticidal/acaricidal naphthoquinones isolated from Calceolaria andina has been synthesised. A feature of the series is the lack of resistance shown by strains resistant to established classes of pesticides. The importance for activity of the tetra-substituted carbon atom in the side-chain, as observed in the natural products, has been investigated. In analogues with acyclic side-chains the position of the tetra-substituted carbon for optimum activity was dependent on the length of the side-chain. With cyclic side-chains, activity was dependent on the size of the ring, the number and position of the substituents therein. Activity of the compounds examined was particularly high against Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae in direct-contact tests, but was much lower than expected in leaf-dip tests. A partial improvement based on formulation has been demonstrated. © 1997 SCI