低硝腊肉天然着色剂的筛选

为了降低亚硝酸钠的用量和满足消费者对腊肉色泽的感官要求,对红曲红、高粱红、辣椒红3种天然色素在腊肉中的应用进行了研究。通过对腊肉色泽的感官评定以及不同贮存环境下腊肉色泽的变化,发现用红曲红着色的腊肉色泽最受欢迎,在冷藏(0～4℃)及室温(15～20℃)贮藏下,其红色稳定性均显著高于高粱红和辣椒红着色的腊肉(p＜0.01);以红曲红代替部分亚硝酸盐,经感官评定,确定红曲红的最佳添加量为每千克原料肉添加0.14 g(亚硝酸钠使用量为0.04 g/kg)。     

自然发酵和接种发酵方法对白菜品质的影响(简报)

以自然发酵和人工接种发酵(Lactobacillus pentosus 和 Leuconostoc.mesenteroides 为发酵剂)加工的白菜为材料,对比了两种加工白菜亚硝酸盐含量随时间的变化以及有益微生物(乳酸菌)和有害微生物数量的变化,并对其制品做了感观分析.结果得出人工接种发酵白菜中亚硝酸盐含量在发酵整个过程均比自然发酵的低,且未出现自然发酵白菜初期出现的"亚硝峰"; 人工接种发酵白菜中肠杆菌及乳酸菌之外的需氧嗜温菌的数量较自然发酵的少;乳酸菌数量较自然发酵的多;人工接种发酵白菜感官分析优于自然发酵.说明人工接种发酵白菜的品质优于自然发酵加工的制品.     

Micro flora related to the nitrogen cycle in the tropical upland farm soils

Samples of upland-farm surface soils (0–10 em in depth) belonging to various great soil groups were collected in 28 upland sites in Thailand during the rainy season.

Among the microbes related to the transformation of nitrogen, namely ammonifiers, ammonia oxidizers, nitrite oxidizers and denitrifiers, the count of denitrifier showed the maximum value amounting to 10⁴ to 10⁵ per 1 g of dry soil, followed byammonifier. The population level of nitrogen-fixing blue green algae was unexpectedly high, being 10³ to 10¹

The microbial counts in Brown Forest Soils, Rendzinas and Grumusols with high content of organic matter, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium tended to be high.

Non-calcic Brown Soils, Reddish Brown Lateritic Soils, Alluvial Soils, Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils and Gray Podzolic Soils which lack in some nutrients showed intermediate levels of microbial populations, while the counts of nitrogen-fixing blue green algae in Alluvial Soils and those of denitrifier in Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils were markedly high. In the case of Low Humic Gley Soils and Regosols with low content of organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium, the population of microbes was generally small.

The relationship between the organic matter content and the microbial population of soils was positively significant at 0.1 % level only in the case of fungal population (r=0.551), while the relationship between the available phosphorus content and the microbial population was positively significant at 0.1% level only in the case of Azotobacter (r=0.682).

The relationships between the total nitrogen, the exchangeable potassium, the amount of NH₄+^-N, the amount NO₂ ^--N, or the amount of NH₄ ⁺-N+NO₂ ^--N and each microbial population were not significant in any microbial groups.

The count of denitrifiers in upland farm soils of Thailand was 9 times as high as that in non-volcanic upland-farm soils of Japan and was 23 times higher than that in volcanic soils though large variations were seen among the great soil groups of Thailand. Conversely, the population of non-spore-forming nitrite oxidizers in the upland farm soils of Thailand was 1/100 that in non-volcanic soils of Japan and 1/280 that in volcanic soils. In the case of Azotobacter, the count in upland farm soils of Thailand averaged 2,800 per 1 g of dry soil. while that in non-volcanic upland farm soils of Japan was 77 on the average.

The ratio of aerobic bacteria to actinomycetes in upland farm soils of Thailand was 2.31, while that of non-volcanic soils of Japan was 7.28.     

降解亚硝酸盐和生物胺乳杆菌筛选及其改善鱼肉香肠品质效果

为了筛选出优良亚硝酸盐和生物胺的降解植物乳杆菌,并研究在鱼肉发酵香肠中的应用。该文主要考察了19 株植物乳杆菌亚硝酸盐和生物胺的降解活性及相关基因的携带情况,从中筛选出优良菌株,并研究其对鱼肉香肠发酵过程中各种亚硝胺、生物胺、腐败微生物的抑制作用和对其他理化指标的影响。试验结果表明,L. plantarum CP3对亚硝酸盐和生物胺的降解能力最强,分别达到95%和77%,PCR结果显示此菌株中含有亚硝酸盐降解（假定蛋白（hypothetical protein,HP）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR）、一氧化还原酶（Oxidoreductase,ORD））和生物胺降解的相关基因（multicopper oxidases,suf I）,且不含生物胺生成相关基因（hdc,tdc,odc）。GC-MS测定结果显示L. plantarum CP3对发酵香肠中4种亚硝胺-二乙基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodiethylamine,NDEA）,二甲基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA）,亚硝基吗啉（N-nitrosomorpholine,NMOR）和甲基乙基亚硝胺（N-nitrosomethylamine,NMEA）的生成都具有显著的抑制作用,联合接种L.saki M4可以协同提高亚硝胺的降解能力。并且,与对照组相比,接种L. plantarum CP3+L.saki M4的鱼肉香肠,发酵48 h后腐胺、尸胺和酪胺的含量分别降低了76.83%,93.33%和88%。另外,接种乳酸菌处理组香肠中的肠杆菌、假单胞菌等腐败菌及pH值、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）和挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）的含量显著低于对照组。该研究结果体现了L. plantarum CP3作为香肠等肉制品发酵剂的良好开发应用前景。     

潇河流域水体氮素分布特征及其与溶解氧的关系

从潇河流域选取15个采样点,研究了水体中3种形态的氮素——氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的分布特征及其与溶解氧的关系。结果表明,潇河流域水体氮素以亚硝酸盐氮含量最高,除水源保护区为地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)的Ⅰ类水质,其余均为Ⅳ类水质,与潇河晋中段和白马河寿阳段两岸排放的工业废水及城镇生活污水有关;在河口交汇处和河道坡度突变处,水体氮素含量有明显变化;3种形态的氮素在不同程度上受水体溶解氧含量影响:所有采样点的氨氮和亚硝盐氮含量随着溶解氧的增大而减少,受氨氮的影响,3,4,7,9,12号样点的硝酸盐氮含量随溶解氧增大而减少,其余采样点的硝酸盐氮含量随溶解氧增大而增大;通过线性回归分析可知,只有亚硝酸盐氮含量和溶解呈显著相关。     

暗管控制排水对棉田排水的影响

对几次较大规模降雨产生排水后排水量、排水氮素含量、地下水位等进行观测,结果发现暗管排水使得地表、地下排水量被重新分配,控制水位排水使地表排水量所占比例提高、而总排水量比常规排水减少36.4%～82.7%、地下排水峰值量较常规排水减少7.2%～85.4%。地表、地下排水硝氮质量浓度较低,一般低于4 mg/L;地表排水总氮质量浓度在2.3～11.5 mg/L之间,地下排水总氮质量浓度在0.6～9.1 mg/L之间。要减少氮素流失总量,减少排水量是关键。     

非离子氨和亚硝态氮对鳙幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温(20.0±0.2)℃、pH值(7.66±0.03)、溶解氧5 mg/L的条件下,采用半静水试验方法研究了非离子氨和亚硝态氮对平均体长(5.88±0.16)cm、平均体质量(3.42±0.22)g的鳙幼鱼的急性毒性效应。结果表明,受到非离子氨和亚硝态氮胁迫后,鳙幼鱼出现呼吸急促、游动失去平衡、抽搐、侧翻、体色变深、活力降低等中毒症状,直至最后死亡,其死亡率与非离子氨、亚硝态氮浓度和胁迫时间之间存在明显的剂量效应和时间效应关系。非离子氨和亚硝态氮对鳙幼鱼96 h半致死浓度分别为0.727 mg/L和79.180 mg/L,安全浓度分别为0.073 mg/L和7.918 mg/L。相对于非离子氨,鳙幼鱼对亚硝态氮的耐受性更强。     

亚硝酸盐降解菌N419的培养基优化

为了规模化生产和实际应用亚硝酸盐降解菌N-419,对其发酵培养基进行了优化,选出由单因素试验确定的营养物质(玉米淀粉、工业蛋白胨)以及Ca Cl2和Mn SO4,进行4因素3水平的正交试验。结果表明:N-419菌株的最佳培养基配方为玉米淀粉20 g/L、工业蛋白胨10 g/L、Ca Cl20.3 g/L、Mn SO40.2 g/L、K2HPO4 0.12 g/L、KH2PO4 0.25 g/L,其芽孢数可达1.44×1010 CFU/m L。     

The removal of nitrate reductase phosphorylation enhances tolerance to ammonium nitrogen deficiency in rice

Nitrate reductase(NR) is a key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation in plants, and its activity is regulated by posttranslational phosphorylation. To investigate the effects of dephosphorylation of the NIA1 protein on the growth and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice under different forms of nitrogen supplies, the phenotypes, nitrogen metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism were measured in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines(S532 D and S532 A), an Os Nia1 over-e...     

石河子市售蔬菜硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐含量状况及食用卫生评价

本文对石河子市２７种１２７个蔬菜样品中硝酸盐。亚硝酸盐的含量状况进行了调查分析，并参考世界卫生组织（ＷＨＯ）建议的硝酸盐日允许量（ＡＤＩ）值，进行了食用卫生评价。