统筹城乡背景下农机社会化服务的现状与实践—以成渝经济区为例

农机社会化服务是推动农业机械化发展的有效方式,新时期成渝经济区在统筹城乡社会经济发展背景下农机社会化服务正在进行着多元化的实践。为此,通过实证研究,分析了成渝经济区农机社会化服务的现状及作用,探讨了农机社会化服务与统筹城乡发展二者之间双向互动支撑的发展态势。同时,提出了促进成渝经济区农机社会化服务的针对性建议。     

Response of Cotton to Irrigation Methods and Nitrogen Fertilization: Yield Components,Water‐Use Efficiency,Nitrogen Uptake,and Recovery

Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, water‐ and N‐use efficiency responses to N, and irrigation methods in northern Syria were evaluated. Field trials were conducted for two growing seasons on a Chromoxerertic Rhodoxeralf. Treatments consisted of drip fertigation, furrow irrigation, and five different rates of N fertilizer (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N /ha). Cotton was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth was 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe.

Seed cotton yield was higher than the national average (3,928 kg/ha) by at least 12% as compared to all treatments. Lint properties were not negatively affected by the irrigation method or N rates. Water savings under drip fertigation ranged between 25 and 50% of irrigation water relative to furrow irrigation. Crop water‐use efficiencies of the drip‐fertigated treatments were in most cases 100% higher than those of the corresponding furrow‐irrigated treatments. The highest water demand was during the fruit‐setting growth stage. It was also concluded that under drip fertigation, 100–150 N kg/ha was adequate and comparable with the highest N rates tested under furrow irrigation regarding lint yield, N uptake, and recovery. Based on cotton seed yield and weight of stems, the overall amount of N removed from the field for the drip‐fertigated treatments ranged between 101 and 118kg and 116 and 188 N/ha for 2001 and 2002, respectively. The N removal ranged between 94 and 113 and 111 and 144 kg N/ha for the furrow‐irrigated treatments for 2001 and 2002, respectively.     

Agronomic Traits of Corn Fertilized with Sewage Sludge

Although research on the environmental impacts of using waste as a fertilizer is of great importance, the basic principle for using a product as fertilizer is that it should provide nutrients for plants without causing any harm to them. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic traits (number of nodes, plant height, leaf number, yield, and protein content of grains) and the nutritional status of corn treated with sewage sludge. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Jaboticabal in a Red Latosol. A randomized block design with four treatments (0, 55, 110, and 167.5 Mg ha^?1 of sewage sludge) and five repetitions was used. At 30 days after emergence (DAE), the dose of 110 Mg ha^?1 dry weight presented greater values for plant height, leaf number and stem diameter. At 60 DAE, the treatments did not affect the agronomic traits. No influence from the treatments tested was observed for protein content of grains and yield. The dose of 167.5 Mg ha^?1 showed greater weight of 100 seeds. All treatments showed nutritional imbalances. This study confirmed the agricultural potential of sewage sludge as a source of nutrients.     

庭园园艺——城市市区发展都市农业的最佳模式

庭园园艺经济是都市农业重要、不可少的一部分,特别是城市市区发展都市农业的最好模式,目前我国还普遍没有认识到这一点。经过对美国、德国、荷兰等一些国家庭园园艺业的考察以及查阅有关文献、资料,阐述了在城市市区如何发展庭园园艺业,及其可以带来的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。同时建议政府把发展庭园园艺经济融入到都市农业规划中。     

Anthropogenic effects on the physical and chemical properties of subtropical coastal urban soils

We investigated the effects of various anthropogenic factors on urban soil properties in subtropical, coastal Tampa, FL, USA. Specifically, we explored the influence of (i) urbanization as measured by land use, land cover, population density and years since urban development and (ii) socioeconomic conditions as reflected in household income and property values on bulk density (BD) and several key soil chemical properties. Results indicate that Tampa’s urban soils were affected to varying degrees by these factors with chemical properties being more variable than BD. Across land uses significant differences were found for Mehlich‐1 (M1) extractable P, Ca and Na. A similar trend was observed for land‐cover classes, although significant differences were also found for pH and M1‐Cu. Soil properties had no statistically significant relationship with population density. However, time since urbanization did with M1‐P and Na varying significantly across age categories. For our socioeconomic analyses, M1‐K and Mg levels differed significantly by household income while pH, P, Ca and Na values differed significantly by property value. Overall, our findings indicate that despite their inherent heterogeneity, there are identifiable patterns among subtropical coastal urban soil properties. We suggest that a more thorough understanding of these patterns and their drivers is an essential first step towards developing soil management strategies aimed at maintaining environmental quality and ecosystem services in subtropical cities.     

Does returning sites of historic peri‐urban waste disposal to vegetable production pose a risk to human health? – A case study near Manchester,UK

Urban waste disposal occurred on fenland to the west of Manchester, England, between 1900 and 1964. The reclaimed fenland, Chat Moss, is now used for mixed arable farming. A total of 1.92 Mt of waste including privy midden, street sweepings, clinkers and slaughterhouse refuse was incorporated into the moss resulting in a modified topsoil with raised pH and reduced organic matter content compared with the subsoil. Elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are observed in the topsoil beyond the typical depth of atmospheric contamination; Cd and As concentrations exceed soil guideline values (SGVs) at 1.8 and 43 mg/kg, respectively. Sequential extraction indicates that waste‐derived Pb, Zn and Ni remain predominantly in the residual fraction, whereas Cu was mainly organically bound. Arsenic was predominately found in oxide and organic matter fractions with Cd in carbonate, oxide, organic matter and residual fractions. Pot trials indicated limited uptake of PTEs by vegetables grown on the waste‐amended soil, with the exception of Cd uptake by lettuce (0.22 mg/kg FW) and Pb uptake by radish (0.16 mg/kg FW), which exceeded current EU limits of 0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg FW, respectively. Hazard quotients (HQs) identified no risks to adults from consumption of vegetables grown in these soils with the exception of lettuce consumption with a HQ of 1.4. Risks to children were slightly greater with HQs >1 for Cd in lettuce, spinach, carrots and onion, As in lettuce, parsley and onion and for Zn in spinach.     

合肥市主要城市景观林群落类型及结构研究

研究合肥市区不同功能区景观林组成与结构,共记录102个样方。结果表明:景观林主要组成种有111种,分属45科、81属;主要优势种是香樟、枫杨、水杉、杨树、桂花、石楠等;不同功能区景观林树种相似性系数分别为0.4(公园与居住区)、0.24(高校与居住区)、0.22(公园与高校);林分平均密度560株/hm2,平均基盖度18.83 m2/hm2,平均胸径16.99 cm,平均树高10.13 m,均为正态分布。群落类型可归纳为5个植被型、16个群系及69个群丛,以落叶阔叶型与常绿落叶阔叶混交型为主。建群树种主要有香樟、广玉兰、女贞、雪松、水杉;群落外貌较整齐,树木整体较为健康,景观效果较佳;但层次结构、树种多样性不高,应丰富树种,增加群落的垂直层次,采用近自然经营。       

甘肃省民勤县天然植被生态需水研究

【目的】研究干旱地区天然植被的生态需水量,为区域生态用水与经济用水的合理配置提供参考。【方法】针对西北干旱地区水资源短缺、降雨量少、植被退化、盖度降低等现状,以甘肃省民勤县为例,采用联合国粮农组织(FAO)提出的干旱区受破坏非完全覆盖的天然植被生态需水计算方法,计算植被生态需水定额,扣除有效降雨后得到生态缺水定额,再结合遥感解译的不同类型植被的生态植被面积,获得植被生态需水量和生态缺水量。【结果】民勤县植被适宜和最小的生态需水量在枯水年分别为7 652.0万和4 045.3万m3,平水年分别为7 554.9万和3 994.0万m3,丰水年分别为6 546.3万和3 460.8万m3。植被适宜和最小的生态缺水量在枯水年分别为6 040.3万和2 433.7万m3,平水年分别为5 714.6万和2 153.8万m3,丰水年分别为4 220.4万和1 331.4万m3。【结论】利用FAO提出的生态需水计算方法可以得到植被生长期各月生态需水量,计算结果与利用热脉冲法所得结果差异较小,说明该方法计算结果可靠,可以推广应用于其他干旱区。     

临夏州现代畜牧业发展及促进新农村建设探析

新农村建设的核心在于建设现代农业。当前,临夏州正处于农业生产结构优化、农业提质增效的关键时期,建设社会主义新农村的任务十分艰巨。促进临夏现代农业农村经济又好又快发展,走具有地方特色现代农业,临夏州应把促进现代畜牧业发展摆在更加重要的位置,认真研究解决好如何加快畜牧业科技进步,转变畜牧业饲养方式,健全完善畜禽良种繁育体系,建立饲草饲料生产体系,培育和扶持市场竞争主体,建立有效的防疫体系,是发展现代畜牧业循环经济,促进新农村建设,助推脱贫攻坚的全局性突出问题。     

汽车销售中服务提高方法研究

交车是客户最兴奋的时刻,也是与客户保持良好关系的开始。通过标准的销售流程,使客户拥有愉快满意的交车体验,可以有效提升客户满意度,保持长期的友好关系。同时也让客户对汽车经销商的产品与服务产生高度认同,发掘更多的商机。文章通过分析新车交付流程,探索了提高顾客满意度的方法。