Amount of nutrients extracted and left behind at a clear-felled area using the fresh-stacked and dried-stacked methods of logging residue extraction

Nutrient removal has been one of the key issues since the harvesting of logging residues started in Sweden. This study examined the actual removal of nutrients by measuring the amounts of biomass removed (from a forest products perspective) combined with their respective nutrient concentrations (N, P, Ca, K and Mg), from a clear-felled area when using the dried-stacked and fresh-stacked methods. The most important finding is that the two methods were very similar regarding nutrients remaining at the clear-felled area. Of the nutrients remaining there, most were found to be well distributed between the harvester heaps. Both methods fulfilled the requirements of the Swedish Forest Agency. A sensitivity analysis showed that even if the dried-stacked method left more needles, or the fresh-stacked method extracted more logging residues, there would only be a small impact on the levels of nutrients removed. The sensitivity analysis also showed that the amount of logging residues remaining between the harvester heaps seems to be much more important for nutrients left behind, regardless of extraction method. With this in mind, it is highly probable that improvements to the extraction of logging residues, without increasing nutrient removal, can be made.     

松叶,竹叶复合碳酸饮料的研制

松叶、竹叶复合碳酸饮料含有１５种氨基酸，Ｖｃ、ＶＥ和天然的锗、硒等人体必需或有益微量元素，营养丰富，口感清爽     

蜂王浆三针夹取式拣虫机的设计与试验

蜂王浆拣虫是挖浆前必须完成的工序。由于蜜蜂幼虫个体较小、数目庞大,因此人工拣虫过程劳动强度非常大;然而中国养蜂人员老龄化日益严重,且目前蜂王浆拣虫机械化尚未成熟。该文针对中国养蜂现状提出一种以三针夹取的方式将王台中蜜蜂幼虫夹出的方法。以三针夹取的拣虫方式构建蜂王浆拣虫机整机方案。三根针在王台孔内壁同时做向心运动或分离运动,将蜜蜂幼虫夹住或松开。对传动机构中球面槽轮和凸轮的参数进行计算。通过有限元分析得出动力输入端脚踏板受力情况。计算得出球面槽轮圆柱销弧长7.5π,槽深20.68 mm;得出凸轮的理论廓线;有限元分析结果得出动力输入方式可靠。该机器在保留蜂王浆幼虫完整的前提下,一次性将整条王台(64孔)中蜜蜂幼虫全部拣出,可实现连续作业,拣虫效率为10条/min时为人工的10倍,克服了蜂场手工作业时间长和劳动强度大问题。对扩大中国蜂业养蜂规模有着极大的促进作用。     

樟子松松针石蜡切片制备

[目的]以樟子松松针为材料,探索一套适合樟子松松针制备石蜡切片的条件。[方法]在传统植物石蜡切片技术的基础上,结合松针的结构特点,对固定、脱水、粘片、染色等环节进行了系列摸索。[结果]FAA固定剂配比中采用70%乙醇;粘片时材料置于40℃水浴锅中展开,用防脱载玻片捞取,置35℃烘箱24 h;松针切8μm厚度,染色条件为伊红5 min,苏木精1 min。[结论]获得的条件可强化固定和脱水效果,粘片操作简便,不易脱片,染色效果较好。     

小兴安岭林区松针资源的开发和利用

阐述了小兴安岭国有林区松针资源概述及用途,并分析了松针资源的开发和利用前景。     

松针叶绿素铜钠的研制和应用

从皂化的松针软膏制备松针叶绿索铜钠的最适工艺:叶绿酸钠澄清用水量为松针软膏重量的5倍;叶绿酸钠沉淀时,20％浓度硫酸铜溶掖用量为松针软膏重量的10—11％。按本工艺操作,叶绿素铜钠得率为松针软膏重的20—24％。 松针叶绿素铜钠是一种糊状产品,外观为兰绿色,经分析测定,产品中含有固体物质50—60％,pH10—11,叶绿素含量7000—8000毫克/公斤,吸光比2.30—3.48。应用试验表明,该产品可作化妆品中生物活性成分。     

不同工艺条件对松针饮料黄酮类化合物含量和色泽的影响

以松针为原料,通过单因子试验和正交试验分析研究了不同加工工艺条件对松针饮料黄酮类化合物含量和色泽的影响。结果表明,碱性条件下的黄酮类化合物浸出量较高,但褐变较严重,当pH值在4.2以下时无褐变现象,在此pH值下,料水比1∶15,80℃保温浸提40 min,黄酮类化合物的浸出量较高;浸提液经粗滤后加入0.04‰果胶酶,45℃保温2~3 h,再加入0.045‰明胶,静置1 h后精滤,可获得较高的黄酮类化合物保存率和适宜的色泽;不同的杀菌温度和杀菌时间会使饮料呈现出不同的颜色,80℃杀菌30 min无褐变现象。     

7种松科植物松针提取物的体外抗氧化活性比较

以油松、雪松、红松、日本冷杉、青海云杉、樟子松和蓝粉云杉7种松科植物的松针为实验原料,以二苯基苦味肼基自由基(DPPH自由基)清除率、羟自由基清除率和总还原能力为指标,比较7种松科植物松针提取物酚类物质质量分数及其抗氧化能力的差异,并分析抗氧化活性与其多酚、黄酮和原花青素质量分数之间的相关性。实验结果表明,7种松科植物松针提取物的多酚质量分数介于29.72~54.21 mg/g,其中油松的多酚质量分数最高;黄酮质量分数介于6.72~11.06 mg/g,其中雪松的黄酮质量分数最高;原花青素质量分数介于2.26~7.29 mg/g,其中雪松的原花青素质量分数最高。DPPH自由基清除能力的IC_(50)值最低的为油松,羟自由基清除能力的IC_(50)值与总还原能力EC_(50)值最低的均为雪松。相关性分析表明,多酚质量分数与DPPH自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力和总还原能力均存在显著相关性,在抗氧化能力中起到了主要作用。因此,松针多酚因其具有较好的抗氧化能力可作为一种天然的抗氧化剂。     

An experiment to measure the dose-response relationship of ovulation rate to FSH in cows selected with a history of twinning

Fifteen mature cows and 12 two-year-old heifers were superovulated with purified follicle stimulating hormone (FSH-P) to study the relationship between FSH-P dose level and response (measured as number of palpated corpora lutea (CL) and plasma progesterone concentration). The cattle came from a high prolificacy breeding herd for which cows were originally purchased after producing at least two sets of twins; the heifers were bred in the herd. At dose levels of 8, 16, 24 and 28 mg FSH-P in cows, averages respectively of 2.3, 3.5, 6.9 and 11.1 palpable CLs were found. There was an average difference in response of two CLs between heifers and cows (higher in heifers, though not significantly so). The relationship found between progesterone concentration and CL number could be a useful indicator of superovulation success in future experiments. The regression for cows was 1.25±0.11 ng/ml progesterone per unit increase in CL number, with a correlation of 0.92 between the two variables over the CL range 1 to 25. The corresponding value for heifers was 2.74±0.24 ng/ml per CL (correlation 0.94), or 2.50±0.40 ng/ml per CL (correlation 0.83) if one record (29 CL, 84 ng progesterone/ml) was excluded.     

5种松树针叶解剖结构的数量分析

巴山松的分类地位迄今仍未明确,为了揭示巴山松与其近缘种的亲缘关系,运用统计学方法,对巴山松、油松、马尾松、黄山松、云南松5种亲缘关系相近松树的14个居群200多个个体的20项针叶解剖结构特征进行筛选、测量和分析。结果表明,这5种松树具有较高的多样性水平;巴山松和油松虽具有相似的结构特征和较近的亲缘关系,但运用数量分析法对群体间特定解剖特征量进行分析仍可以将二者区分开来,因此研究结果更支持巴山松为独立分类单元。研究还发现,树脂道在松属植物分类中具有重要意义,并摸索出一套适合松属植物解剖结构研究的数量分析法。