Habitat specialization and sensitivity to change in a threatened crayfish occupying upland streams

1. Crayfish are culturally and ecologically important species in freshwater ecosystems, but many are now threatened with extinction, due to threats such as habitat loss. Depending on their habitat selectivity and sensitivity, freshwater crayfish could provide effective targets for stream monitoring, restoration and conservation. This study used repeated field surveys of the threatened Murray crayfish, Euastacus armatus (family Parastacidae), to establish their habitat preferences and sensitivity to habitat loss across mesohabitat and microhabitat scales within upland streams of south‐east Australia. 2. Selectivity analysis revealed that upland populations of E. armatus displayed a strong preference for areas of intermediate water flow velocity, deeper water, and stream beds dominated by boulders and gravel. Variations in E. armatus density among and within the two upland streams aligned with these microhabitat preferences, with best‐subsets analyses revealing that E. armatus abundance hotspots were best predicted by models combining water depth with percentage cover of boulders, gravel and overhanging riparian vegetation. 3. Major shifts in stream habitat condition from 2009 to 2015 (e.g. 32% and 50% decline in boulder and overhanging vegetation cover, respectively) was associated with a 91% decline in E. armatus mean density within glide‐pool mesohabitats. 4. These findings highlight how habitat specialization in threatened crayfish such as E. armatus may render them sensitive to changes in stream habitat condition, and how targeted monitoring, restoration and conservation of their preferred habitats could yield multiple benefits for montane freshwater ecosystems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天然橡胶微波干燥动力学模型研究

利用本课题组设计发明的微波干燥湿天然橡胶物料设备,对微生物凝固湿天然橡胶进行物料表面温度分别为358、373、388、403 K的微波干燥试验,干燥时间均为15 min,每4 s获取一组干燥过程相关数据,测试分析湿天然橡胶(微生物凝固)的微波干燥失水特性,并建立湿天然橡胶微波干燥动力学模型.结果表明,干燥温度越高,湿天然橡胶含水率下降越快;快速干燥阶段为物料干燥的主要失水阶段;湿天然橡胶微波干燥动力学模型可由多项式模型来表示.     

Genetic and non-genetic factors influencing KLH binding natural antibodies and specific antibody response to Newcastle disease in Kenyan chicken populations

This study aimed at investigating the influence of genetic and non-genetic factors on immune traits to inform on possibilities of genetic improvement of disease resistance traits in local chicken of Kenya. Immune traits such as natural and specific antibodies are considered suitable indicators of an individual's health status and consequently, used as indicator traits of disease resistance. In this study, natural antibodies binding to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH-NAbs) was used to measure general disease resistance. Specific antibodies binding to Newcastle disease virus (NDV-IgG) post vaccination was used to measure specific disease resistance. Titers of KLH-NAbs isotypes (KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG and KLH-IgA) and NDV-IgG were measured in 1,540 chickens of different ages ranging from 12 to 56 weeks. A general linear model was fitted to determine the effect of sex, generation, population type, phylogenetic cluster, line, genotype and age on the antibody traits. A multivariate animal mixed model was fitted to estimate heritability and genetic correlations among the antibody traits. The model constituted of non-genetic factors found to have a significant influence on the antibody traits as fixed effects, and animal and residual effects as random variables. Overall mean (±SE) concentration levels for KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG, KLH-IgA and NDV-IgG were 10.33 ± 0.04, 9.08 ± 0.02, 6.00 ± 0.02 and 10.12 ± 0.03, respectively. Sex, generation and age (linear covariate) significantly (p < 0.05) influenced variation across all the antibody traits. Genotype effects (p < 0.05) were present in all antibody traits, apart from KLH-IgA. Interaction between generation and line was significant (p < 0.05) in KLH-IgM and NDV-IgG while nesting phylogenetic cluster within population significantly (p < 0.05) influenced all antibody traits, apart from KLH-IgA. Heritability estimates for KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG, KLH-IgA and NDV-IgG were 0.28 ± 0.08, 0.14 ± 0.06, 0.07 ± 0.04 and 0.31 ± 0.06, respectively. There were positive genetic correlations (0.40–0.61) among the KLH-NAbs while negative genetic correlations (−0.26 to −0.98) were observed between the KLH-NAbs and NDV-IgG. Results from this study indicate that non-genetic effects due to biological and environmental factors influence natural and specific antibodies and should be accounted for to reduce bias and improve accuracy when evaluating the traits. Subsequently, the moderate heritability estimates in KLH-IgM and NDV-IgG suggest selection possibilities for genetic improvement of general and specific immunity, respectively, and consequently disease resistance. However, the negative correlations between KLH-NAbs and NDV-IgG indicate the need to consider a suitable approach that can optimally combine both traits in a multiple trait selection strategies.     

用转基因方法进行抗线虫农作物育种的研究进展

在许多农作物中,植物寄生线虫引起重大损失。有幸的是,某些植物对线虫有抗性,而且存在于栽培种和其近亲野生种中的抗性基因,可以用分子标记方法建立图谱。标记辅助的选择方法已广泛应用于育种工作中,两种抗线虫的基因已经通过定位克隆技术分离出来,并成功地在栽培作物中得到表达。建立线虫抗性的另一个方法是将具有杀线剂效应的基因导入植物中,该方法也已取得了一些进展。     

秦岭火地塘天然次生油松林倒木储量与分解

粗头直径≥10cm,长度通常≥1m,倾斜度超过45°的死木质残体称为倒木(Harmonetal.,1996)。倒木是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统中倒木与生产者、消费者、分解者之间都有着密切的营养关系,其结构与功能相互制约,相互影响。倒木对森林中生产者的更新有着不容忽视的作用,为各类植物提供了生境,而且还对森林生态系统的演替起着重要的作用(侯平等,2001);倒木对消费     

植被和梯田措施对坡沟系统细沟侵蚀调控作用

坡沟系统作为黄土丘陵沟壑区基本的地貌单元,也是黄土高原侵蚀泥沙的主要来源区。植被和梯田作为坡面水土流失治理的主要措施,对于土壤侵蚀控制和生态恢复发挥着重要的作用,定量评估林草、梯田对坡面细沟侵蚀的调控作用以及多措施协同配置问题对于黄土高原水土流失治理和生态保护具有重要意义。为了揭示植被和梯田的格局和配置对坡沟系统细沟侵蚀的协同调控作用,该研究采用人工模拟降雨,结合三维激光扫描技术,分析了坡面4种措施：上坡位植被（措施A）、下坡位植被（措施B）、梯田（措施C）、梯田+植被（措施D）对细沟侵蚀发生和演变过程的影响。结果表明：1）相同植被覆盖度下,下坡位的植被布设细沟最大长度较上坡位的植被布设细沟最大长度减小量更大;2）第1次降雨中,侵蚀率最大值达到3 500 g/min以上,第2次降雨过程中侵蚀率最大值仅为1 100 g/min以上,在各产流时间内第2次降雨侵蚀率均为第1次降雨侵蚀率的1/3～1/2;3）对于各措施下细沟沟长发育率由大到小表现为措施A(6.55 cm/min)、措施C(5.71 cm/min)、措施B(3.60 cm/min)、措施D(2.69 cm/min);4）梯田与植...     

四川紫色土地区典型小流域分布式产汇流模型研究

针对日益加剧的四川紫色土地区水土流失情况,为定量分析紫色土地区小流域水土流失程度,选取四川省南部县鹤鸣观小流域为研究区,在蓄满产流模型的基础上,构建了适合紫色土地区小流域分布式产汇流模型。该模型以地块为计算单元,在每个地块上输入参数,然后依据流域产汇流机制计算每个地块的产汇流量,并用递归算法将计算结果推算到流域出口,得到流域径流总量。该模型能评价流域下垫面各因子空间分布不均匀性和人类活动的影响,模拟每个地块次降雨产汇流过程。在鹤鸣观小流域进行了模型的检验与应用,模拟过程与实测结果符合较好。该研究为四川紫色土地区水土保持治理提供了科学依据。     

青藏高原东北边缘云杉属-冷杉属林火烧迹地枯落物持水特征

以青藏高原东北边缘云杉属-冷杉属林火烧迹地为研究对象,基于典型抽样法于2020年8月和2021年7—8月在火烧迹地和未过火天然林采集枯落物样品,采用室内浸泡法测定分析枯落的蓄积量、持水量、有效拦蓄量等指标,探究林火干扰下不同坡位枯落物的水文效应,为更好地促进森林水源涵养以及水土保持功能提供依据。结果表明：(1)在植被恢复过程中,枯落物的厚度和蓄积量随着恢复年限的增加而增加,且厚度为3.75～8.31 cm,蓄积量为6.16～8.13 t/hm²。恢复5,15年火烧迹地上、中、下坡枯落物厚度和蓄积量与天然林差异显著。(2)枯落物的最大持水量为20.94～26.22 t/hm²,恢复5,15年火烧迹地枯落物最大持水量与天然林差异达显著水平。在枯落物持水达到饱和前,不同恢复年限下各坡位枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈对数函数关系,吸水速率与浸水时间呈幂函数关系。(3)枯落物的有效拦蓄量为14.58～16.95 t/hm²,有效拦蓄深为1.44～1.78 mm。恢复5年火烧迹地枯落物有效拦蓄量表现为中坡>上坡>下坡,恢复15...     

四川省天然林保护和退耕还林工程若干问题的思考

四川省实施退耕还林和天然林保护工程以来，已取得了初步成效。文章简述了四川省天然林资源保护工程和退耕还林工程实施以来出现的新条件，总结了两大工程实施过程中的困难和问题，指出了解决问题的主要途径。     

Combined effects of water temperature and daily food availability period on the growth and survival of tench (Tinca tinca) larvae

A 16‐day experiment was designed to find the best combination of water temperature (27, 30, 33°C) and daily duration of food availability (12, 18, 24 h) for larval tench (Tinca tinca) growth and survival. Larvae with an initial mean size of 5.7 mm total length (TL) and 0.7 mg wet body weight (BW) were stocked at 15 L^?1. Larvae were fed in excess with live Artemia nauplii with the period of food availability lasting 12, 18 or 24 h daily. The largest final larval size was recorded at 27 and 30°C in groups fed for 24 h a day (17.7 and 17.9 mm TL, 76.1 and 77.7 mg BW, respectively). The combination of the highest temperature and the longest daily food availability was the only set of conditions under which final larval survival was affected (95.4% survival; 98.7–99.9% under all other conditions). The combination of water temperature of about 28.6°C and continuous food availability is recommended as the optimum combination for rearing T. tinca larvae under controlled conditions. Providing continuous food supply to fish larvae under aquaculture conditions was also advantageous in helping to mitigate the effects of slower growth relative to developmental progress, which can occur at high water temperatures. However, should one wish to limit the daily feeding period to 12 h per day, the use of a water temperature between 27.4 and 27.9°C would be the best solution.