鸡的人工授精与自然交配种蛋孵化对比试验

该试验选用鸡的人工授精种蛋９４０枚及自然交配种蛋９６０枚,做了鸡的人工授精与自然资本种蛋孵化试验,结果表明：鸡人工授精后６ｄ内种蛋受精率平均为９４．５％,７ｄ后,受经极显著降低;人工授精后的种蛋受经及入孵种蛋孵化率均极显著高于自然交配组,两两者的受精种蛋孵化率无明显差异;另外,在试验过程中,还研究了种蛋贮存时间与化结果的关系,发现种蛋贮存期越短,孵化效果越好,贮存期最长不应超过７ｄ。     

褐藻岩藻聚糖生物活性的研究进展

褐色海藻富含对人体有益的功能性多糖——硫酸化多糖。多年来,从褐色海藻中分离出的硫酸多糖在药物、保健品、化妆品和功能性食物等领域中具有广阔的应用前景。岩藻聚糖作为褐藻多糖中的一员,其复杂的生物特性已被证明具有开发和进行工业化生产的价值,从而获得对人体有益的成分。由于海藻多糖具有上述特性,故作者主要对从褐色海藻中分离出的岩藻聚糖(又叫多糖硫酸酯)的抗凝血、抗血栓、免疫调节、抗肿瘤等生物活性方面及其在工业生产中应用等方面进行了综述。     

Genetic and non-genetic factors influencing KLH binding natural antibodies and specific antibody response to Newcastle disease in Kenyan chicken populations

This study aimed at investigating the influence of genetic and non-genetic factors on immune traits to inform on possibilities of genetic improvement of disease resistance traits in local chicken of Kenya. Immune traits such as natural and specific antibodies are considered suitable indicators of an individual's health status and consequently, used as indicator traits of disease resistance. In this study, natural antibodies binding to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH-NAbs) was used to measure general disease resistance. Specific antibodies binding to Newcastle disease virus (NDV-IgG) post vaccination was used to measure specific disease resistance. Titers of KLH-NAbs isotypes (KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG and KLH-IgA) and NDV-IgG were measured in 1,540 chickens of different ages ranging from 12 to 56 weeks. A general linear model was fitted to determine the effect of sex, generation, population type, phylogenetic cluster, line, genotype and age on the antibody traits. A multivariate animal mixed model was fitted to estimate heritability and genetic correlations among the antibody traits. The model constituted of non-genetic factors found to have a significant influence on the antibody traits as fixed effects, and animal and residual effects as random variables. Overall mean (±SE) concentration levels for KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG, KLH-IgA and NDV-IgG were 10.33 ± 0.04, 9.08 ± 0.02, 6.00 ± 0.02 and 10.12 ± 0.03, respectively. Sex, generation and age (linear covariate) significantly (p < 0.05) influenced variation across all the antibody traits. Genotype effects (p < 0.05) were present in all antibody traits, apart from KLH-IgA. Interaction between generation and line was significant (p < 0.05) in KLH-IgM and NDV-IgG while nesting phylogenetic cluster within population significantly (p < 0.05) influenced all antibody traits, apart from KLH-IgA. Heritability estimates for KLH-IgM, KLH-IgG, KLH-IgA and NDV-IgG were 0.28 ± 0.08, 0.14 ± 0.06, 0.07 ± 0.04 and 0.31 ± 0.06, respectively. There were positive genetic correlations (0.40–0.61) among the KLH-NAbs while negative genetic correlations (−0.26 to −0.98) were observed between the KLH-NAbs and NDV-IgG. Results from this study indicate that non-genetic effects due to biological and environmental factors influence natural and specific antibodies and should be accounted for to reduce bias and improve accuracy when evaluating the traits. Subsequently, the moderate heritability estimates in KLH-IgM and NDV-IgG suggest selection possibilities for genetic improvement of general and specific immunity, respectively, and consequently disease resistance. However, the negative correlations between KLH-NAbs and NDV-IgG indicate the need to consider a suitable approach that can optimally combine both traits in a multiple trait selection strategies.     

甘肃陇南地震扰动区植被群落特征

地震扰动对当地生态环境造成极大的破坏,引起植被群落种类组成、群落结构的变化,本研究采用样带结合海拔梯度的方法,于2013年8-9月,调查和研究了甘肃陇南武都区清水沟植被群落的种类组成、群落结构受地震扰动后的现状。结果表明,研究区内共发现34种植物,分属16科30属,主要以禾本科和菊科植物为主,群落垂直结构明显,大体分为3层;植物群落中多年生草本植物种类最多,是优势生活型,其次是灌木、藤本,无乔木分布;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现为中坡位>下坡位>上坡位,Simpson优势度指数(D)表现为上坡位>下坡位>中坡位。     

室温干燥贮藏和天然高寒草甸层积对草玉梅种子萌发的影响

明晰草玉梅种子休眠的释放,为草地管理和草玉梅的栽培提供基础,研究了室温干燥贮藏和高寒草甸层积对草玉梅种子萌发特征的影响。结果表明,室温干燥贮藏天数不同、是否去掉果皮和是否光照影响了草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数、发芽率和发芽指数。随着贮藏天数的增加,去掉果皮草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数呈不同程度的减小,发芽率和发芽指数呈不同程度的增加。室温贮藏40~180 d的草玉梅种子,去掉或未去掉果皮后光照条件下的初次发芽天数显著低于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。室温贮藏40,80,150和180 d的草玉梅种子在去掉果皮光照处理下,其发芽率间的差异不显著(P>0.05),但皆显著高于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。室温贮藏180 d的草玉梅种子未去掉果皮光照下的发芽率显著高于贮藏80和150 d处理(P<0.05),后两者显著高于贮藏40 d处理(P<0.05),贮藏40 d 处理又显著高于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。光照不同程度地降低了草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数,提高了草玉梅种子的发芽率和发芽指数。高寒草甸土壤中冷季层积处理不同程度地降低了草玉梅种子的初次发芽天数,提高了发芽率和发芽指数。践踏层积的草玉梅种子在30/20℃和20/10℃变温条件下的初次发芽天数分别显著低于层积不践踏处理(P<0.05)。践踏层积的草玉梅种子在25/15℃和20/10℃变温条件下的发芽率(分别为38.0%和35.3%),显著高于层积不践踏处理(22.7%和14.0%);室温贮藏同期(11月-4月)未去掉果皮的草玉梅种子未能发芽。当年10月成熟后层积于天祝高寒草甸放牧地的草玉梅种子,至次年8月底有40.2%的发芽;未发芽的草玉梅种子在培养箱30/20℃到20/5℃的温度范围均能发芽,在30/20℃最高,仅为15.3%,绝大多数种子处于休眠。     

Anethole inhibits growth of recently emerged multidrug resistant toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains in vitro

To search natural compounds having inhibitory effect on bacterial growth is important, particularly in view of growing multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of bacterial pathogens. Like other bacterial pathogens, MDR Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of diarrheal disease cholera, is becoming a great concern. As an approach of searching new antimicrobial agents, here, we show that anethole, a well-studied natural component of sweet fennel and star anise seeds, could potentially inhibit the growth of MDR O1 El Tor biotype, the ongoing 7th cholera pandemic variant strains of toxigenic V. cholerae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of anethole against diverse O1 El Tor biotype strains is evaluated as 200 µg/ml. Moreover, the effect of anethole is bactericidal and exerts rapid-killing action on V. cholerae cells. This study is the first report which demonstrates that anethole, purified from natural compound, is a potent inhibitor of growth of toxigenic V. cholerae. Our data suggest that anethole could be a potential antimicrobial drug candidate, particularly against MDR V. cholerae mediated infections.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系

 为给黄土高原退耕地的植被恢复和重建提供科学依据,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的安塞县为例,用系统聚类和逐步多元回归的分析方法,对退耕地自然恢复植被的演替阶段进行划分,并定量分析群落演替过程中的植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系。结果表明:黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复草地的演替,依次经历猪毛蒿群落→赖草群落→长芒草群落、铁杆蒿群落、达乌里胡枝子群落→白羊草群落。随着退耕地植被恢复的不断进行,Gleason指数、Margalef指数等丰富度指数以及群落Pielou指数,都呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,Simpson指数在演替初期及平衡阶段较大,群落生态优势度与物种丰富度的变化趋势相反。在群落的演替过程中,土壤有机质、全N、有效N和速效K的含量不断增加,土壤pH值和速效P含量不断减小,土壤表层密度变小,孔隙度变大。A层土壤全N、有效N含量、土壤pH值和C层土壤全N含量与物种丰富度呈显著正相关,A、C层土壤有机质含量和B层土壤速效K含量与其关系相反;B层土壤速效P的含量与群落生态优势度呈显著正相关;A、B层土壤速效K含量与植被群落盖度呈正相关关系,B层土壤速效P含量与其关系相反。     

柳杉凋落物自毒作用研究

采用种子萌发法对浙江天目山柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei凋落物的自毒作用进行了研究,以探究这种凋落物的自毒作用对柳杉天然更新障碍的影响。结果表明,柳杉凋落物及其表层土壤浸提液在质量体积比为1 ∶ 10时,对柳杉种子萌发具有抑制作用。随着浸提液比例的降低（1 ∶ 100）,抑制作用减弱,甚至消失（1 ∶ 250）。自毒作用强度为未分解凋落物＞半分解凋落物＞表层土壤。而且未分解凋落物浸提液的化感作用强度随着样品含水率的增大而增强。通过高效液相色谱仪测定发现,柳杉凋落物和表层土壤中均含有酚酸类化感物质阿魏酸、肉桂酸和对羟基苯甲酸,而且未分解凋落物中的这3种物质的含量均是最高的。综合推测,这3种化感物质主要来自于未分解的柳杉凋落物。图2表4参22     

东北草原植物残体腐解动态研究(简报)

东北草原植物残体腐解试验表明，植物残体腐解动态变化规律一致，前期腐解快、以后变慢。羊草的碳素残留率比草木樨的高，对于植物的不同器官残体，根的碳素残留率最高，茎次之，叶最低，试验结果还表明，植物残体不同埋深对碳素残留率也有影响，埋深7cm，植物残体的碳素残留率最低，埋深15cm稍高，覆盖在土壤表面的最高。这说明植物中的羊草、植物残体听 根和茎以及土壤深层的残体都有利于土壤有机质的积累，而草木樨、植物残体中的叶以及浅层植物残体都有助于养分向土壤释放，羊草和草木樨残体混合物的碳素残留率介于草木樨和羊草之间，说明羊草混种草木樨的共存对羊草残体的分解有利。     

河北省天然草地禾本科植物的生活型、生态型及区系分析

对河北省天然草地禾本科植物的生活型、生态型及区系特征进行了分析，结果表明，多年生草本为优势生活型，占78．4％；生态型以中生植物为主，占77．2％，旱生植物占16．0％，湿生植物仅占6．8％；植物区系成分多样，温带分布属最多达42属，占总属数的57．5％，其次为热带分布属，有24属，占32．9％。