林果机械化采收技术与装备研究进展

机械化采收技术是制约林果产业发展的重要瓶颈。实现林果机械化采收是林果产业转变发展方式、节本增效、增强国际市场竞争力的重要途径之一,也是林果产业全程机械化和规模化的研究重点和难点。林果机械化采收的技术重点是高效低损采摘,最终目标是实现林果自动化、智能化、无人化采收。该文总结了中国林果种植分布情况现状,将现有林果机械化采收技术与装备系统地划分为一次性联合摘果采收和振动采收后集果捡拾,并对其研究现状和发展动态进行了阐述和剖析。在此基础上,结合林果产业发展要求和应用场景,归纳了国内林果机械化采收技术面临的机会和挑战,并提出兼顾不同需求发展高性能、高效率、高可靠的林果机械化采收装备建议,以期为促进林果业的现代化和高新技术推广提供参考。     

基于稳定水同位素和原状土柱的贡嘎山原始森林暴雨入渗过程

在贡嘎山原始森林不同土壤质地的样地采集制备原状土柱,监测并分析2020年夏季2场暴雨期间入渗出流过程及出流水稳定同位素(δ¹⁸O)变化特征。结果表明：(1)海拔2 649 m的富含砾石的粉壤土样地A在8月6日和8月11日次降雨后平均总出流量(分别为4.14,14.61 L)比海拔3 000 m的粉壤土样地B(1.45,11.99 L)大。样地A的出流过程对降雨的响应也更敏感。(2)出流水的同位素变化幅度小于降雨同位素变化幅度,入渗过程中新旧水混合强烈。(3)2个样地出流水来源和运移路径的变化模式存在明显差异。样地A在初始降雨峰值时体现出极高的降雨贡献和快速触发的优先流路径,出流消退中逐步体现活塞流特征;样地B在相对缓慢的入渗过程中以活塞流为主导,新旧水交换程度更高。因此,较高的有机质和砾石含量以及较大雨强有利于优先流产生,优先流和活塞流的产生转变过程对于降雨强度变化有着快速响应,这对于流域的含水层补给和溶质运移等过程可能产生进一步影响。     

九寨沟流域森林覆被变化对径流的影响

覆被变化引起的径流响应研究不仅是流域水文学的热点之一,在九寨沟更是与流域的水景观核心遗产价值保护紧密相关,因此九寨沟流域水资源的研究是迫切需要关注的问题。以SWAT模型模拟为基本研究手段,对九寨沟流域2009—2017年森林覆被变化下的流域水文做定量研究,探究了九寨沟流域对森林覆被变化的响应机理。结果表明：(1)模型率定期的决定参数R²和纳什效率系数E_ns均为0.83,验证期的R²和E_ns均为0.7,说明SWAT模型对九寨沟流域径流量模拟具有较高的适用性。(2) 2016年九寨沟流域内森林覆被面积较2004年有增加的趋势,其中针叶林面积增加明显(增加了10.56 km²),而阔叶林面积有所减少(减少了2.57 km²)。(3)相比2004年,2016年的森林覆被下的9年内年均径流量增加0.13 m³/s。年际变化中显示阔叶林的调蓄能力强于针叶林,而在年内变化中针叶林有更好的调洪补枯能力。(4)在气象条件相同的前提下,2016年月径流相...     

137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪"三北"防护林区退耕前后坡地土壤侵蚀变化

为查明"三北"防护林建设前后农耕地和退耕地土壤保持效益变化，利用137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪技术，选择了防护林建设较为成功的张家口坝上地区（风力侵蚀区）作为典型区，研究了农耕地以及退耕地土壤137Cs和210Pbex的剖面变化规律及其示踪的土壤侵蚀变化。结果表明：1）由于耕作的混匀作用，农耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex均呈均匀态分布；退耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex则表现为表层（0～5cm）浓度最高、下层（5～25cm）浓度均相对较低且分布相对均匀的形态，这表明退耕后坡地土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面形态均会发生一定变化，退耕驱动土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化导致运用土壤核素估算侵蚀模型在该区域难以适用；2）基于土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化规律，利用210Pbex质量平衡方程，提出了退耕地土壤210Pbex土壤侵蚀估算模型；3）利用137Cs比例模型估算退耕地土壤侵蚀速率为27.94±11.92 (t/hm2·a)，农耕地侵蚀速率为29.11±14.42 (t/hm2·a)，而利用修正后的210Pbex转换模型估算得到"三北"防护林区退耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为82.16±14.36 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率为-41.28±33.91 (t/hm2·a)；农耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为68.55±22.11 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率-8.52±47.32 (t/hm2·a)。这表明137Cs示踪技术主要表征了1963年以来该区坡地土壤侵蚀和沉积的平均结果，而210Pbex示踪技术则可以较好地示踪防护林建成前后的土壤侵蚀变化。此外，研究结果也表明，相比于"三北"防护林建成之前，建成之后该区农耕地和退耕地的土壤侵蚀速率均呈显著下降趋势，且均由前期的风沙侵蚀转变成了风沙沉积。     

陕北枣林土壤动物功能类群及其害虫生态调控

在陕北枣林研究区域内,以土壤动物为研究对象,采取野外调查取样、定点动态观测与室内鉴定分类的研究方法,选取了延安万花山、延川县、清涧县、佳县枣林4个样点7个样地,于2007年3月、6月、9月、11月,对土壤动物功能类群进行了初步研究。陕北枣林土壤动物可划分为植食性、捕食性、腐食性、枯食性、菌食性土壤、杂食性土壤动物6个功能类群,基于土壤动物功能类群与枣林病虫害生态调控的内在关系,建构陕北枣林害虫生态调控体系,为深入探讨土壤动物与枣林害虫生态调控的关系提供基础资料和理论依据。     

杉木林下套种不同树种对土壤改良效应初探

为探讨复层异龄林营建初期对土壤物理结构和养分状况的影响,研究了浙西地区杉木林下套种不同树种土壤理化特征的变化。结果表明林下套种树种后林地土壤物理结构均得到不同程度的改善,土壤养分状况进一步好转。并运用多因素主成分分析方法,评价了不同复层林模式土壤养分含量规律,并将土壤养分状况的综合优势作了排序。其结果显示杉木林下套植的12种植物在种植初期对土壤养分改良效果较好的为麻栎、毛红椿、南天竺、十大功劳、红豆杉、椤木石楠和蚊母,其中麻栎和毛红椿改良效果最佳。     

黄土高原南部人工林林冠对降雨特征的影响分析

林冠降雨特征是森林水文作用的重要机制,同时也是植被在水土保持作用中的重要内容。以黄土高原南部常见乔木刺槐、元宝枫、桉树为研究对象,以滤纸色斑法为基本实验原理,观测了该地区天然降雨15场,分别取得3种乔木冠下雨滴谱200份。通过对比分析林冠内外降雨特征,得到以下结论:林冠降雨特征与林外降雨特征有显著区别;林下雨滴分布呈现近似的正态分布,大雨滴数量较林外明显增多;林冠下雨滴中数直径（D₅₀）受降雨强度的影响很小,且在降雨强度小于0.1 mm/min时,林冠下D₅₀大于林冠外,当雨强大于0.1 mm/min,林外D₅₀有大于林内的趋势;降雨动能与雨滴中数直径有着相似的变化趋势。     

辽河三角洲泥质海岸防护林小气候效益研究

利用常规观测与梯度观测相结合的方法,对辽河三角洲典型泥质海岸的片状防护林和单片防护林带的风速、土壤温度、光照强度、空气湿度等气象因子进行观测。结果表明：片状林带透风系数为0.26,属于疏透结构,在林带背风区1H-5H（H为树高）范围内风速降低最明显,降低幅度为38.51%～57.25%,10H-20H范围内比较缓和,风速降低8.19%～20.57%,林内风速平均比林外对照降低62.86%;单林带1H-5H风速平均降幅为41.54%～59.53%,10H-20H平均降幅为9.26%～16.14%。林内各层土壤温度比林外低,日平均空气湿度林内比林外高30.6%,日平均光照强度林内比林外降低40.4%。单片、片状林带的有效防风距离为20H;片状海防林带具有改善森林小气候的功能,能够增加林带内空气湿度,降低光照强度,调控土壤温度。     

Effects of fragmentation on pollinator assemblage, pollen limitation and seed production of Mediterranean myrtle (Myrtus communis)

Pollinator assemblages may shift as a consequence of the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats. The scarcity of mates and pollinators can lead plant populations to suffer from pollen limitation and a decrease in reproductive performance within fragmented areas. We studied the shift in pollinator assemblages along with pollen limitation and seed production patterns in the Mediterranean shrub Myrtus communis. Our study included six populations contrasting in patch and population size (Large vs. Small) within a fragmented landscape characterized by ∼1% of potential forest coverage. The breeding system in Myrtus communis was self-compatible, but compared with natural pollination, fruit set increased with pollen addition (quantity limited), and seed set (brood size) increased with outcross pollen addition (quality limited). While the pollinator assemblage in Large patches was taxonomically diverse, it was almost monopolized by honeybees in Small patches, where visitation rates were highest and wild bee species were almost absent. In general, Small populations were less pollen limited for fruit set than Large populations, particularly those that received the highest rates of honeybee visits. However, despite differences in fragmentation and pollinators between Large and Small populations, seed production patterns (brood size and seed mass) were rather similar among them, in agreement with similar pollen limitation levels found for brood size. A higher susceptibility of native pollinators to the presence of honeybee hives was found in Small patches, suggesting that the pollinator assemblage may be severely altered when fragmentation occurs in combination with beekeeping. We discuss its implications and effects on plant reproduction in fragmented areas.     

Plant carbon inputs and environmental factors strongly affect soil respiration in a subtropical forest of southwestern China

Soil respiration is a large component of global carbon fluxes, so it is important to explore how this carbon flux varies with environmental factors and carbon inputs from plants. As part of a long-term study on the chemical and biological effects of aboveground litterfall denial, root trenching and tree-stem girdling, we measured soil respiration for three years in plots where those treatments were applied singly and in combination. Tree-stem girdling terminates the flow of carbohydrates from canopy, but allows the roots to continue water and nutrient uptake. After carbon storage below the stem girdles is depleted, the girdled trees die. Root trenching immediately terminates root exudates as well as water and nutrient uptake. Excluding aboveground litterfall removes soil carbon inputs, but allows normal root functions to continue. We found that removing aboveground litterfall and the humus layer reduced soil respiration by more than the C input from litter, a respiration priming effect. When this treatment was combined with stem girdling, root trenching or those treatments in combination, the change in soil respiration was indistinguishable from the loss of litterfall C inputs. This suggests that litterfall priming occurs only when normal root processes persist. Soil respiration was significantly related to temperature in all treatment combinations, and to soil water content in all treatments except stem girdling alone, and girdling plus trenching. Aboveground litterfall was a significant predictor of soil respiration in control, stem-girdled, trenched and stem-girdled plus trenching treatments. Stem girdling significantly reduced soil respiration as a single factor, but root trenching did not. These results suggest that in addition to temperature, aboveground carbon inputs exert strong controls on forest soil respiration.