Regional and circadian variations of sweating rate and body surface temperature in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

It was the aim of this study to investigate the regional variations in surface temperature and sweating rate and to visualize body thermal windows responsible for the dissipation of excess body heat in dromedary camels. This study was conducted on five dromedary camels with mean body weight of 450 ± 20.5 kg and 2 years of age. Sweating rate, skin and body surface temperature showed significant (P < 0.001) circadian variation together with the variation in ambient temperature. However, daily mean values of sweating rate, skin and body surface temperature measured on seven regions of the camel body did not significantly differ. The variation in body surface temperature compared to the variation in skin temperature was higher in the hump compared to the axillary and flank regions, indicating the significance of camel's fur in protecting the skin from daily variation in ambient temperature. Infrared thermography revealed that flank and axillary regions had lower thermal gradients at higher ambient temperature (T_a) and higher thermal gradients at lower T_a, which might indicate the working of flank and axillary regions as thermal windows dissipating heat during the night. Sweating rate showed moderate correlation to skin and body surface temperatures, which might indicate their working as potential thermal drivers of sweating in camels.     

3-D Dynamic Response of Reinforced Embankment and Track System Subjected to Moving Traffic Load

An analytic method was used to study the dynamic response of track system on reinforced embankment subjected to moving traffic load. Based on Biot's dynamic poro-elastic theory, dynamic analytical model of track system and reinforced embankment was established. The rails were described as an infinitely long Euler beam subjected to moving axle loads and sleepers were represented by continuous mass. Reinforced embankment embedded between track system and poro-elastic subsoil was modeled as a transversely isotropic layer. Subsoil was fully saturated poroelastic medium governed by the Biot's theory. Using the Fourier transform, the governing equations were then solved analytically in the frequency-wave-number domain. The time domain responses were obtained by the inverse Fourier transform computation. The influences of the train velocity, thickness of reinforced layer, load amplitude and reinforcement's ratio on the displacement responses of rails were carefully investigated. Computed results show that the vertical displacement of rails increases with the increase of load speed initially and decreases later. The displacement of rails with reinforced embankment is less than the ones without reinforced embankment. The displacement of rails increases with the increase of load amplitude and decreases with the increase of reinforcement's ratio.     

Application of multi-dimension parallel genetic algorithm to energy-saving optimum control of trains in following operation

In order to study the energy-saving optimum control strategy of a leading train and a tracing train in following operation under a moving block system,an energy-saving control model of trains is created. The aims of the model are energy consumption and trip time error. The control variables of this model are the operating handle level and the train’s position when the operating handle level is changed. Based on the model,the static and dynamic speed restraints are put forward. The static speed restraints are defined by the line conditions and the dynamic speed restraints of the tracing train caused by the leading train for the sake of safety. This problem is solved with the help of multi-dimension parallel genetic algorithm (GA) and external punishment function. During the solving process,the crossover probability and the mutation probability are adjusted dynamically according to the GA generation to improve the efficiency of the coarse grain search and the fine grain search. Ramps divided into three parts and the real number coding are adopted to shorten the length of chromosomes and improve the speed of convergence. Its correctness and effectiveness are validated at a simulation platform of train operation.     

绳牵引动平台的八杆机构优化设计

设计了一种新型绳牵引动平台。主要包括滚珠丝杠副牵引机构、液压结构、八杆机构、外箱体及其零部件。对于绳牵引动平台的八杆机构,通过相关要求进行尺寸计算,从而得出了各个杆的杆长,采用MATLAB编程的形式,对其尺寸参数进行了合理性校验和运动仿真,并应用Pro/E对其进行了建模。发现通过应用死点法可以提高支持系统的可靠性,通过MATLAB(这里主要应用了反复试数法),对绳牵引动平台的八杆机构参数进行了优化设计。     

大型贯流式泵站快速门加速启动过渡过程

为研究大型贯流式泵站机组闸门加速启动过程中的外特性参数变化及流态变化,对灯泡贯流泵机组进行三维建模,采用Fluent软件中的UDF来控制闸门的启动过程,使用铺层法动网格技术来控制闸门处网格生成与消灭,并设定S-A模型作为湍流模型,对灯泡贯流泵机组启动过程进行瞬态数值模拟.计算结果表明:当贯流泵机组快速门以10倍设计速度启动时,机组的转速与流量将以更快的速度达到额定转速与额定流量,同时瞬间最大倒灌流量相比未加速启动时增加了30%.当贯流泵机组处于倒流状态时,靠近轮毂处叶轮叶道压力面的压强呈现出从叶轮进水边向出水边逐渐递增的分布规律.当机组处于零流量的临界状态时,混乱的流态导致压力集中及脱流现象加重,叶轮进水边负压区范围扩大且程度加深.     

大型连栋鸡舍自然采光的设计与测试

分析了大型连栋鸡舍自然采光的设计原则和屋顶采光窗的设计方法,测定了山东蓬莱某自然采光连栋鸡舍的室内光环境状况。理论分析与实测结果表明：确保室内光照分布均匀的屋顶采光窗（带）宽度与间距的比值应不小于窗壁高与室内笼顶净高的２倍的比值。     

Is it possible to differentiate between environmental and fishery effects on abundance‐biomass variation? A case study of blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) in the Strait of Gibraltar

We assessed the potential for simulation and modelling of the blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) population in the Strait of Gibraltar to discriminate the environmental effects of fishery impacts. A discrete biomass–abundance dynamic model was implemented to obtain a simulated monthly time series of blackspot seabream biomass. On this simulated time series, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were fitted. The best ARIMA fit provided a significant correlation of 0.76 and persistence index higher than 0.85. The proportion of variance non‐explained by the ARIMA models was correlated with a time series of sea surface temperature (SST) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The analysis of global, annual and winter correlation between the proportion of variance not explained by the ARIMA models and environmental variables showed that significant associations were not detected over the full time series. Our analysis therefore suggests that overexploitation is the main factor responsible for the commercial depletion of blackspot seabream in the Strait of Gibraltar.     

Bonga shad (Ethmalosa fimbriata) spawning tactics in an upwelling environment

Successful recruitment in small pelagic fish populations inhabiting upwelling zones is subject to variation in fecundity and is driven by spatial and temporal fluctuations in environmental conditions, that is, mainly sea surface temperature, salinity and food availability. These fluctuations in abiotic factors have stimulated small pelagic fish populations to exhibit specifically adapted spawning tactics. To better understand to what extent a short‐lived exploited fish species such as bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata has adapted to an upwelling environment, we have investigated the interrelationship between upwelling intensity as a proxy for productivity and population fecundity by means of a virtual population analysis. We found that females of intermediate size contributed significantly more eggs to the population's fecundity than smaller or larger ones. Our model results further indicate that E. fimbriata exhibits a spawning preference at water temperatures of around 25°C and upwelling intensities of around 2.5 m³ s^?1 m^?1. Hence, we hypothesize that climate change‐driven increases in sea temperatures and modifications of upwelling‐favourable winds could significantly impact the species’ reproductive biology. To understand how climate change might impact fisheries, spawning tactics of small pelagic fishes are important to assess as well as their recruitment success. Such information is particularly relevant in countries where the fishery is critical at socio‐economic level, to better implement fisheries management addressing multiple stressors.     

迷宫流道滴头内流场和颗粒运动的不同湍流模型数值模拟

为更好研究迷宫流道滴头的内流场水力性能和颗粒运动特性,该文采用k-ε模型和Eulerian-Lagrangian两相流模型进行了一系列数值研究。首先,通过3种湍流模型(标准k-ε、RNG k-ε与Realizable k-ε)预测迷宫流道滴头水力特性并与喻黎明等(2009)的试验结果对比分析,标准k-ε模型更适合于模拟迷宫流道滴头的内流场,与PIV试验数据相比,水力性能曲线平均模拟误差仅为2.32%。然后,基于Lagrangian的颗粒离散相模型,数值研究了齿形迷宫流道内不同密度和直径的单个颗粒运动轨迹及运动特性,并与喻黎明等(2009)的相关试验数据比较,结果表明,考虑了重力、浮力、虚拟质量力和曳力的随机轨道模型能够更加准确地模拟颗粒在迷宫流道内的运动,与PIV试验数据相比,颗粒运动速度后平均模拟误差仅为2.34%。颗粒直径变化较密度变化对颗粒运动影响大,随着颗粒直径或密度增大,颗粒运动速度减小,颗粒速度变化幅值大小依次为:速度极小值、平均速度、速度极大值,随着颗粒粒径增大,流经漩涡区时颗粒速度减小较大,颗粒的运动跟随性变差,颗粒在惯性力的作用下沉积在流道拐角内侧的漩涡区,由此可能造成迷宫流道堵塞。同时,以上对比分析表明,相关两相流模型和数值方法可很好预测滴头内部固液两相流动,可为滴头抗堵塞设计提供参考。     

空间约束混合高斯运动目标检测

目的 针对传统混合高斯模型前景检测运算量过大问题,提出一种基于空间约束的混合高斯前景检测算法。方法 通过快速初始化缩短模型的初始建立过程;采用双重背景模型机制,以自适应背景减法的前景检测结果作为混合高斯前景检测的空间约束条件,降低模型在背景区域的冗余运算;运用多策略自适应模型更新,提高前景检测的准确性。结果 在各种测试场景下,与传统混合高斯法、CodeBook、GMG、偏差均值混合高斯模型(MODGMM)等算法相比,该算法具有更好的准确率以及4倍以上的处理速度。结论 在固定相机场景下的运动目标检测中,算法能有效提高传统混合高斯法的准确性且具有极高的实时性。