新一轮退耕还林问题与对策——以江西省赣州市为例

通过实地调研与分析,从赣州市新一轮退耕还林实施过程中面临的用地难、农户退耕积极性不高、投入不足等实际问题出发,针对性地提出相应的对策与建议,从而为今后赣州市新一轮退耕还林工作的顺利开展提供参考依据。     

Interaction Between Plant Roots and Soil Water Flow in Response to Preferential Flow Paths in Northern China

Preferential flow is expected to provide preferential channels for plant root growth and variations in soil water flow, but few studies were conducted to imply the impacts of these changes, particularly for preferential flow in stony soils. This study aimed to characterize soil water flow and plant root distribution in response to preferential flow paths and quantitatively describe the relation between plant root distribution and soil water flow. Field dye‐tracing experiments centered on experimental plants were conducted to determine the root length density and soil water flow process. Laboratory analyses were performed to characterize changes in the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent and the degree of interaction between plant roots and soil water flow. The amount of fine plant roots with preferential flow paths decreased with increasing soil depth for all experimental plots. The largest plant roots were recorded in the upper soil layers to a depth of 20 cm. The relative concentration of the accumulated effluent increased with time and decreased with soil depth under saturated soil conditions, whereas a distinct early turning point for the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent was observed in the 0–20‐cm soil columns, and the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent initially decreased and then increased with time under unsaturated soil conditions. This study provides quantitative information with which to characterize the interaction between plant roots and soil water flow in response to preferential flow paths in soil–plant–water systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of different mulch materials for reducing soil surface evaporation in semi‐arid region

In recent years, the use of new mulches for soil water conservation in arid regions has been introduced as an alternative to conventional (plastic) mulches. However, systematic studies concerning the effects of different organic [pistachio shell mulch (PSM), wheat straw mulch, de‐oiled olive pomace mulch (DOM) or wood chips mulch], chemical [superabsorbent polymer (HM) or organic‐based emulsion polymer (PEM)] and mineral [gravel mulch (GM)] covers on soil and water conservation are scarce. Therefore, two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 was aimed at evaluating the effects of mulches of different composition on soil surface evaporation, whereas in experiment 2 we investigated the effects of this decrease in soil evaporation due to different mulch materials on some olive tree physiological responses to soil drying. We analysed stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf density and maximum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of 2‐yr‐old plants of ‘Konservalia’ olive, grown in pots in open field. The results showed that different mulch materials had different efficiency on soil water conservation and DOM and pistachio shell mulch PSM – as new mulch materials – seems more favourable for conserving soil water. Water stress caused reductions in all parameters measured and increment in leaf density compared with unstressed treatment. Olive plants grown using different soil mulch presented higher values of stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and Fv/Fm ratio compared to control plants. Although all the mulch treatments improved the water content of soil, DOM and PSM were found to be superior in maintaining optimum soil water content for olive use.     

缙云山针阔混交林土壤呼吸速率对降水输入量变化的响应

为探讨亚热带季风性湿润气候地区降水对土壤呼吸的影响,于2014年选取重庆市缙云山自然保护区内针阔混交林为研究对象,通过人为拦挡和增水方式模拟不同降水输入量对土壤呼吸速率的影响,包括达到土壤含水量的70%(增水70%,70%A),100%(增水100%,100%A),130%(增水130%,130%A)及对照(CK)和零降水(Z)5种情况。结果表明:(1)不同降水处理下土壤呼吸速率日变化均呈单峰变化曲线,并在12:00—14:00之间达到最大值;其年内月变化也为单峰曲线,于8月份达到最大值,12月份达到最小值。(2)适当增水可以提高土壤呼吸速率与10cm深度土壤温度的Pearson相关性,但指数模型的拟合度以对照组最好,减水和过度增水都会减少其相关性;温度敏感性Q10值的变化情况与其相同。(3)土壤呼吸速率与10cm深度的土壤含水量的相关性总体很低,但明显受到土壤水分条件影响,除零降水处理表现为极显著正相关外,对照组几乎不相关,增水处理转为明显的负相关,尤其增水130%后呈显著负相关。(4)在研究地区的自然环境条件下,增水100%时提高了土壤呼吸速率,也扩大了其变化范围,减水明显降低了土壤呼吸速率。     

东北雨养区覆膜和种植密度对玉米田间土壤水分和根系生长的影响

为探讨东北雨养区玉米生长状况和田间水分对种植密度和地膜覆盖的响应,2015年在沈阳农业大学水利学院试验场设置了低(67 500株/hm~2)、中(82 500株/hm~2)、高(97 500株/hm~2)3个种植密度水平和覆膜、裸地2种方式的玉米田间试验,根据试验结果分析了土壤水分、玉米根系及其产量变化。结果表明:(1)在0—20cm土层中,整个生育期内,覆膜对于低密度处理的土壤田间含水率影响显著(p0.05),生育前期、中期和末期覆膜比裸地田间含水率分别提高了9.80%,15.93%,12.77%;在20—40cm土层中,生育前期,中密度覆膜种植的玉米田间含水率比裸地高13.83%(p0.05);在40—60cm土层中,覆膜对中密度玉米土壤含水率影响显著(p0.05),生育前期、中期、后期覆膜比裸地处理的土壤含水率分别提高了15.47%,4.11%,8.96%。(2)种植密度对玉米根系的根长、总投影面积、总根体积和根系表面积均有显著影响,随着种植密度的增加,四者均呈减小趋势;在种植密度相同时,覆膜相比裸地提高了玉米根系的根长、总投影面积、根系总体积和根系表面积;中密度时,覆膜对玉米根系的4项指标提高最为显著(p0.05),分别比裸地提高了44%,38%,38%,33%。(3)玉米产量随着种植密度的增加而减小,当密度为67 500株/hm~2时,玉米产量和百粒重均最大,百粒重为36.83g,产量为12 573.69kg/hm~2。结果说明:在水肥条件相同情况下,玉米种植存在一个最优密度,在最优密度内,玉米产量随着密度的增加而增加,超过了最优密度产量呈现减少趋势。研究结果对东北雨养区种植密度和覆盖方式的优化组合提供了理论依据,对提高雨水利用效率和玉米产量也具有参考意义。     

双河洞小流域主要离子化学特征及其来源分析

为探究岩溶地表水和地下水水化学特征及其各种盐类对主要离子的贡献,以喀斯特小流域为研究尺度,对贵州绥阳双河洞区域地表水和地下水水化学进行野外监测、采样和室内实验,并运用SPSS统计软件对水样点进行主成分分析研究。结果表明:(1)双河洞水化学阳离子主要以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主。水化学类型主要为Ca~(2+)·Mg~(2+)—HCO_3~-型水,而石膏洞为Ca~(2+)·Mg~(2+)—SO_4~(2-)型水。大多数离子的含量随采样点、季节和水体类型的不同而呈显著性差异;(2)岩石风化对流域离子组成影响显著,阴离子主要来自碳酸盐、蒸发盐或岩盐的溶解和风化,蒸发盐溶解是阳离子的主要控制机制,硅酸盐风化侵蚀作用对区域离子变化存在一定影响;(3)主成分分析法得出对区域离子化学组成的影响程度按碳酸盐、蒸发盐和硅酸盐递减,其中H_2CO_3风化碳酸盐岩的影响显著,但在个别地下水主要受H_2SO_4风化碳酸盐岩的影响显著,此外农业活动和居民生活也有一定影响。研究结果对双河洞洞区水资源的保护和开发利用及岩溶碳循环研究具有重要意义。     

雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀及其颗粒富集过程的影响

为研究雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀过程和泥沙颗粒分布规律的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,以华北土石山区2种典型土壤为研究对象,在4种雨强(30,60,90,120mm/h)条件下,分析了径流的变化过程和侵蚀泥沙的颗粒组成及其颗粒富集率的变化规律。结果表明:(1)随着雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土和石灰性褐土的产流时间均逐渐减小,分别缩短了79%和85%;(2)在60,90,120mm/h雨强条件下,黄土性褐土的径流强度和泥沙浓度均随降雨时间先减小后增大,而后趋于稳定状态,石灰性褐土仅在120mm/h雨强条件下出现相似规律;(3)当雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土泥沙流失朝粗颗粒化发展,侵蚀泥沙的砂粒和粗粉粒含量分别增加了86%和21%,而石灰性褐土的变化不明显;(4)在降雨初始阶段,粒径较小的黏粒和细粉粒明显富集,而粒径较大的粗粉粒和砂粒不易流失,但随着降雨历时的延长,不同粒径泥沙颗粒的富集率趋于1,这种现象在大雨强下表现得尤为明显。     

模拟降雨下前期含水量对冻融坡面产流产沙过程的影响

为了探究不同前期含水量条件下冻融作用对坡面降雨侵蚀的影响,采用室内冻融和人工模拟降雨方法研究了不同含水量条件下冻融坡面与未冻融坡面的降雨侵蚀特征。结果表明:黄土坡面的产流时间随前期含水量增大呈先增大后减小的规律,冻融作用使黄土坡面产流时间滞后,其中含水量为20%的坡面经过冻融作用滞后62.50%,最为明显。在产流过程中,20%含水量的冻融坡面比未冻融坡面产流总量低9.14%存在极显著性差异(P0.01)。在产沙过程中,20%和25%含水量的冻融坡面比未冻融坡面产沙总量减小28%,存在极显著性差异(P0.01);20%和25%含水量的冻融坡面与未冻融坡面的可蚀性相差最明显。综上可以得出含水量为20%时冻融作用对坡面产流时间和产流过程影响最显著;含水量为20%和25%时冻融作用对坡面产沙过程和可蚀性K值影响最显著。含水量为20%时产沙量最小,可蚀性最低,可将20%作为黄土最优含水量。     

不同林型土壤有机碳及腐殖质组成的分布特征

为探讨不同类型人工固沙林下土壤有机碳的差异,以辽宁省章古台沙地5种林型下土壤为研究对象,运用统计学的方法对0—5,5—10,10—20,20—40cm土层有机碳、全氮、腐殖质组分分布特征进行比较分析。结果表明:在各林型0—40cm土层上,土壤有机碳含量变化特征为樟子松纯林(4.72g/kg)怀槐樟子松(4.48g/kg)榆树樟子松(4.38g/kg)云杉樟子松(4.21g/kg)杨树纯林(3.95g/kg)对照(1.88g/kg);有机碳储量表现为怀槐樟子松(20.00t/hm~2)樟子松纯林(19.92t/hm~2)榆树樟子松(19.06t/hm~2)云杉樟子松(17.31t/hm~2)杨树纯林(16.61t/hm~2)对照(8.44t/hm~2);经腐殖质组分分析发现土壤腐殖质碳含量表现为云杉樟子松(2.04g/kg)榆树樟子松(1.93g/kg)樟子松纯林(1.74g/kg)杨树纯林(1.65g/kg)怀槐樟子松(1.58g/kg)对照(0.75g/kg)。各林型土壤有机碳含量与全氮、腐殖质碳、胡敏酸、富里酸均呈极显著的正相关关系。     

麦前深松对夏玉米土壤物理性状和生长特性的影响

为探明华北地区深松耕作方式对夏玉米生育期土壤物理性状和水分利用效率的影响,在河南省新乡采用冬小麦播前深松耕作(PS)、传统旋耕(CK)2种耕作方式,对夏玉米各生育期间的土壤粒径组成、容重、土壤紧实度、夏玉米生长发育指标及水分利用效率等进行了研究。结果表明:PS处理下土壤粒径组成无明显变化,全生育期PS较CK处理0—40cm土层土壤容重降低0.63%~3.85%,孔隙度提高0.27%~3.67%;拔节期PS较CK处理20—30,30—40cm土层土壤紧实度显著降低37.76%,22.26%;全生育期PS处理的土壤含水率、夏玉米株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量均高于CK,产量提高了9.50%,穗长和穗粒重提高了4.18%和6.50%(p0.05),水分利用效率提高5.08%,节水增产效果显著。