秦岭南坡锐齿栎林、松栎混交林几种土壤酶活性的初步研究

对秦岭南坡锐齿栎林、松栎混交林土壤中的脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及多酚氧化酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,两种不同林型下的土壤酶活性以及土壤养分含量之间存在明显差异,脲酶、酸性磷酸酶同土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷之间呈极显著相关或显著相关,多酚氧化酶则相关不显著     

Spatial pattern dynamics of oak mortality and associated disease symptoms in a California hardwood forest affected by sudden oak death

Sudden oak death is a disease affecting coastal forests in California and southern Oregon. The spatial pattern of disease dynamics is important for forest and landscape pathology; in this work we investigated the interaction across landscape scales of disease symptomology in coast live oaks, Quercus agrifolia, (trunk bleeding, presence of beetles, and presence of the fungus Hypoxylon thouarsianum) and tree mortality through time. We used two-dimensional spatial analysis tools with data gathered in point-centered-quarter format in 2001 and 2004 to quantify the population density of the disease through time; to examine the spatial pattern of tree mortality across scales through time; and to examine the spatial co-occurrence of disease symptoms with crown mortality through time. Early in the study period dead trees were strongly clustered at smaller scales (~300 m) and after three years this clustering was less pronounced. Bleeding on trees occurred in clusters away from dead trees, particularly in 2004, likely indicating a new cohort of infected trees. The presence of H. thouarsianum was strongly related to overstory mortality through time. Beetle-infested trees co-occurred with mortality in 2001. By 2004, they occurred throughout the forest, and were less strongly correlated with overstory tree mortality, suggesting a future peak of tree mortality.     

Forest structure and woody plant species composition along a fire chronosequence in mixed pine–oak forest in the Sierra Madre Oriental, Northeast Mexico

Although wildfires are occurring frequently in the pine–oak forests in the Sierra Madre Oriental (northeastern Mexico), data on post-fire succession and forest structure are still rare. Our objectives were to (1) assess the changes in woody plant species composition after fire and to (2) to relate successional patterns to environmental variability. Based on their fire history 23 plots were selected in the Parque Ecológico Chipinque (PECH). Changes in forest structure across the chronosequence of burned stands were deduced from density, height and diameter measurements of trees and shrubs (>5 cm in diameter) in all plots of 1000 m². Differences in woody plant species composition among the plots were evaluated using Shannon evenness measure and the Whittaker's measure and by Hierarchical cluster analysis and Detrended Correspondence Analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed a high similarity among all recently burned plots, independed of the aspect. Multivariate analysis showed that local environmental factors, including time since fire, continue to structure species composition. Oak species (mainly Quercus rysophylla) resprouted successfully after fire and dominated young post-fire stands. Pine species (Pinus pseudotrobus and Pinus teocote) only appeared 18 years after fire and were the dominating species in mature stands (62 years after fire). In contrast, woody plant species composition in older stands tended also to be influenced by factors such as aspect and by the potential solar radiation (PSR) during the growing season. The results demonstrate that in the PECH, natural regeneration is sufficient and woody plant species composition will be similar to pre-fire conditions after 60 years of succession. We conclude that the park managers should consider incorporating natural disturbance regimes into their management practices.     

A mixed nonlinear height–diameter model for pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.)

A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach was used to model the individual tree height–diameter relationship in pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.). A set of 24,627 pairs of height–diameter measurements were used to fit the model. These were taken at 950 Spanish National Forest Inventory plots embracing six different biogeoclimatic strata. Eleven biparametric nonlinear height–diameter equations were evaluated to find a local model, which only includes the dimensions of the tree as explanatory variables. After selecting the local model, a regional or generalized model was studied. The following stand variables were tested for inclusion in the model as fixed effects: stand density, quadratic mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, dominant diameter, arithmetic mean height, dominant height and basal area. Dominant height and basal area of the stand were found to produce the most satisfactory fits in the stand model. Interregional variability was studied by including strata effects as dummy categorical variables and was analysed using the non-linear extra sum of squares method and the Lakkis–Jones test. Height–diameter models were found to be similar for the six biogeoclimatic strata. Finally, a mixed nonlinear model technique was applied to fit the definitive model. By calibrating the model it is possible to predict random components of definitive model from height measurements previously taken from a subsample of trees. The different alternatives tested reveal that only two or three trees are necessary to calibrate the model.     

Influence of individual oak (Quercus robur) trees on saturated hydraulic conductivity

The influence of single trees on saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) was investigated for six isolated oak trees (Quercus robur) growing on a Dystric Gleysol in an area of parkland in northwest England. The K_s was measured within the A soil horizon over a 0.10–0.25 m depth using a borehole permeameter.     

Genetic variation of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in the urban woodlands of Helsinki

We present a genetic profile of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in three woodlands of the Helsinki region. We genotyped all mature trees and samples of seedlings to evaluate patterns of genetic variation and gene flow, and evaluate the long-term stability and natural regeneration of these stands. Although five microsatellite loci showed no significant differences in heterozygosity between generations in most locations, significant (p?per se does not interfere with gene flow over the distances represented here. Based on our findings, a minimal-maintenance program reliant upon natural regeneration of oak in the public parks of Helsinki seems plausible.     

Effects of dietary Persian oak (Quercus brantii var. persica) fruit extract on survival,growth performance,haematological and immunological parameters in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,fingerlings

The aim of study was to evaluate the effects of jaft (internal layer of oak fruit) extract on growth, haematological and immunological parameters in rainbow trout fingerlings. A total of 360 fish (average weight 6.25 g, total length 7.75 cm) were randomly distributed in 12 fibreglass tanks (stocking density: 1.04 g L^?1) with flow rate of 8 L min^?1. The ethanolic extraction of jaft was taken, and, then, a basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1 and 2 g kg^?1 to formulate four experimental diets. After 8 weeks, blood sampling was performed for haematological and immunological parameters. While immunological parameters such as IgM and lysozyme showed their lowest level in control group, their highest amounts appeared in 2 g kg^?1 group. C3, C4 and alternative complement activity increased in fish fed 2 g kg^?1 extract compared to control (P ? 0.05). Haematological parameters such as white blood cell, red blood cell, haemoglobin and haematocrit were enhanced in experimental groups (P ? 0.05). Survival and growth indices did not show significant changes in experimental treatments (P ? 0.05). Results indicated feeding rainbow trout with Persian oak extract at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg^?1 levels significantly enhance the immunological parameters.     

陕南栎类资源现状调查

安康、汉中地区栎林面积91.67万ha,蓄积5102万m~3,占整个有林地面积、蓄积的40～50％。在陕南生态平衡、工农业生产中起着极为重要的作用。现有栎林分布不均,可利用性差,中、幼龄林分比重大,质量不高,生产力低;连续多年超伐,森林蓄积大幅度减少。应采取果断措施,制止当前在栎林资源利用中的失控行为,压缩对栎林的消耗;大力造林和改造次生林,扩大栎林资源面积,提高林分质量;节约资源提高资源利用效益,从根本上缓解栎林供需矛盾。     

蒸汽爆破预处理对柞木微观结构的影响

对采用0.4MPa压力进行蒸汽爆破预处理及干燥的柞木板材,通过扫描电子显微镜对试件的微观结构进行观察,并对经过爆破处理和未爆破处理的试件的微观结构进行分析比较.试验表明,柞木经爆破处理后管胞纹孔边缘开裂,射线薄壁细胞产生细小的裂隙,导管内的侵填体剥落,这些对木材的力学强度没有太大的影响,但使得木材的渗透性得以提高.     

闽北栓皮栎人工林土壤肥力与水源涵养功能的研究

对福建省浦城县党溪国有林经营所３６年生栓皮栎人工林与杉木人工林的土壤肥力与水源涵养功能的比较研究结果表明：栓皮栎人工林具有良好的土壤结构性状和较强的养分供应能力，表层＞０．２５ｍｍ水稳性团聚体含量比杉木人工林高９．９９％，土壤有机质比杉木人工林高０．６９５％；栓皮栎人工林还具有良好的水源涵养功能，林分总持水量比杉木人工林高１０％。