杉木连栽地营造不同混交林后的土壤生化特性及土壤肥力的研究

本文通过对杉木连栽多代林地及连栽地营造不同类型混交林后林地的上壤化学性状和土壤生化特性的比较研究,探讨杉木连栽多代的林地营造不同混交林后土壤酶活性及化学性状的变化趋势,土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量之间的相关性。试验结果表明:在杉木连栽多代后营造不同类型混交林,土壤的营养元素含量有显著的增加,以有机质增加最为显著,土壤的生化活性除了个别的酶外,不同类型的混交林显著比多代的杉木纯林高,其中以柳杉×薄姜木为最佳;各种土壤酶活性与土壤化学性状关系密切,单相关系数可达0.3452—0.9745,复相关系数0.8710—0.9745,可用土壤酶活性作为评价杉木连栽林地土壤改良中土壤肥力变化的指标之一;综合土壤酶活性及土壤化学性状进行聚类分析,表明杉木连栽后营造成不同类型的混交林,均能提高土壤肥力,有良好的改土作用,本研究中,以柳杉×薄姜木最为理想。     

The Effect of Inoculum Pressure, Germplasm Selection and Environment on Spring Barley Cultivar Mixtures Efficacy

A range of mixtures including one set made from cultivars grown in the UK and one from cultivars grown in Poland, were included, along with their component cultivars, in nine trials at Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, UK or at the Experimental Plant Breeding Station of the IHAR, Baków near Kluczbork, Poland, over five seasons. The effects of inoculum pressure, plot size, fertiliser level and germplasm on mixture efficacy were investigated. In the four trials where inoculum pressure was controlled, mixtures reduced infection more at lower inoculum pressures, but this did not translate into yield benefit. Smaller plots increased mildew in monocultures but not mixtures. Fertiliser levels increased mildew levels but did not affect mixture efficacy. There were large differences between both Polish and UK germplasm, and between Polish and UK trial sites, but the performance of the mixtures compared with their respective monoculture components was similar within both germplasm groups and trial sites. Mixtures reduced lodging and affected plant height and heading date. The advantages of mixtures for improving yield, reducing fungicide applications and improving agronomic characteristics was demonstrated and there seems to be great potential for their further improvement and exploitation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

防治褐飞虱高效安全农药复配配方的筛选

研究了丁烯氟虫腈、啶虫脒、杀虫单、烯啶虫胺4种单剂以及丁烯氟虫腈·啶虫脒、丁烯氟虫腈·烯啶虫胺、杀虫单·啶虫脒3种复配剂对褐飞虱的室内生物活性和田间药效。室内生物活性测定结果表明,供试的4种单剂和3种复配剂对褐飞虱的毒力存在较大差异。单剂中以烯啶虫胺的毒力最高,啶虫脒和丁烯氟虫腈次之,杀虫单最低;丁烯氟虫腈·啶虫脒、丁烯氟虫腈·烯啶虫胺复配剂比例均为1∶4时,对褐飞虱毒力增效明显;杀虫单·啶虫脒复配剂比例为1∶5和1∶10时增效显著。田间药效结果表明,3种复配剂对褐飞虱的田间防效均高于70%,高用量时可以达到90%以上。3种复配剂以40%丁烯氟虫腈·烯啶虫胺EC用量最少,防效最高,40%丁烯氟虫腈·啶虫脒EC次之,与对照药剂相比,这两种复配剂均可以降低农药的使用量而达到同样的防治效果,从而大大减少农药单剂在水稻上的残留量,44%杀虫单·啶虫脒SC用量较大,但从剂型的安全性和用药成本考虑,也是较理想的选择。     

Effects of Competition upon the Productivity of White Clover-Perennial Ryegrass Mixtures. Analysis of and Interrelations between Characters

A diallel crossing programme amongst tour contrasting white clover varieties was used to generate material for studying the interrelationships amongst those characters which affect the productivity of white clover- perennial ryegrass mixtures under a cutting-only management regime. Such a regime favoured clover growth. All the clover characters exhibited strong positive correlations with mixture yield. However, this combination of clover characters did not promote growth of the grass companion. For this a low growing variety with a dense stolon network appeared preferable. Path analysis indicated that differences existed between the two companion grass varieties used for this experiment in their upon clover characters.     

复合营养长效保肥保水剂应用及其缓释节肥效果

为探索保水剂与肥料复配混合后的缓释节水效果。该文应用整体法将N、P、K 3种植物必需的营养物质与保水剂进行复合自制复合营养长效保肥保水剂（简称复合保水剂）,并采用盆栽对比方法,通过观测植株生长指标与植株N、P、K含量、植株含水量试验了这种复合保水剂应用效果。结果显示：复合保水剂、保水剂、混合肥料与对照之间对一年生黑麦草出苗率的影响差异不显著;复合保水剂处理与对照处理相比提高株高达12%～47%,提高生物量达1.3～5.6倍;复合保水剂显著的提高植物体内水分含量及水势;与同营养型肥料配方处理的生物量比平均高出3.88倍;复合保水剂与同营养型的混合肥料处理相比,提高N元素表观利用率可提高0.2～1.9倍,P元素表观利用率可提高0.23～2倍,但是K元素表观利用率则减少了33%～200%。复合保水剂对黑麦草出苗率没有影响;复合保水剂处理可以显著增加黑麦草的苗期生长量;复合保水剂处理可显著提高黑麦草的N、K利用率,复合保水剂可以减少肥料的使用量,并能大幅度提高其利用率,用整体法制备复合保水剂的方法可行,可以起到保水保肥的效果。     

Interference Effects in Grass Varieties Grown as Pure Stand, Complex Mixture and Binary Mixture with White Clover

The study aimed at: i) assessing the agronomic value of the pure stand (PS), of the complex mixture (CM) and of the binary mixture with each of six white clover genotypes (MWC) of eight grass varieties belonging to four species and contrasting for earliness of flowering; and ii) investigating the relationships of competitive abilities in CM and MWC with some morpho-physiological traits of the grass varieties. CM showed a 24 % dry matter yield (DMY) advantage over mean value of PS but did not outyield the pure stand of the best yielding component. For grass-white clover associations, the DMY advantage as Relative Yield Total over PS of the components averaged 43 %. DMY of the grass varieties averaged across MWC conditions was related positively to total DMY (r = 0.99) and negatively to associated clover DMY (r = - 0.96). Competitive abilities as Relative Yield of the grass varieties in CM and in MWC correlated (r = 0.84) and were both positively associated to DMY, canopy height and inclination of leaves in PS. The results suggested that association of white clover with a grass of moderately high vigour, intermediate earliness and relatively erect leaves may provide the best option for rotational meadows in the experiment environment.     

Yielding Ability of Pure Stands and Equal Proportion Blends of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) with Double-low Quality

Yielding ability of intraspecific mixtures is an important issue not only for homozygous and homogeneous crops but also for heterozygous and/or heterogeneous ones. The goal of the present study was to examine the performance of mixtures and synthetics from double-low (low in erucic acid and glucosinolates) rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) as compared to pure stands. The material consisted of seven lines and from 1982/83 to 1984/ 85 lines, all possible biblends and syn₁'s (1983/84 and 1984/85 exclusively) were grown in a completely randomized block design. An analysis of variance was conducted and general mixing effects (g.m.e.) and specific mixing effects (s.m.e.) were calculated for components of biblends. A few pure-standing lines yielded higher than some mixtures. Nevertheless, the overall mean of mixtures was not exceeded by any pure stand. For selection purposes, the higher variance of 'among lines' in comparison with 'among blends' would not result in higher yields because of the generally higher yielding ability of blends. Additionally, mixtures were marked by higher yield stability as compared to pure-standing lines. On the average of two years of testing yields of syn₁'s amounted higher than yields of mixtures. Differences between 'g.m.e.' of lines were proved and moreover, the variance component of 's.m.e.' was on a lower level than that of 'g.m.e.'. Consequently, in order to find the best mixture it seemed not necessary to analyse a complete diallel rather than to apply factorial or incomplete factorial concepts.     

Beyond redundant kill: A fundamental explanation of how insecticide mixtures work for resistance management

The use of insecticide mixtures for resistance management has been a controversial topic for many decades. Here, we provide a reassessment of the fundamental theory of insecticide mixtures. First, we examine how mixtures differ from other strategies. We suggest that the fundamental strategy concept of a mixture is defined by the simultaneous use of insecticides and their overlapping exposure. Second, we provide a simple, illustrative model to show how mixtures affect resistance evolution. Following the existing literature, we identify a role for ‘redundant kill’ acting against resistant individuals, which we link to the overlapping exposure of insecticides. We also identify the occurrence of ‘additional kill’ acting against susceptible individuals, which is the immediate consequence of the simultaneous use of insecticides. Third, we take a basic approach to the comparison of mixtures and other strategies using a simple model. We find that a common comparison of the time to resistance alone leaves the effects of additional kill unaccounted for. Moreover, we demonstrate that different approaches to comparison can lead to different results because of biases that are introduced in the comparison setup. Fourth, still using the same model, we showcase a more sophisticated approach to comparison using optimised strategies. We find that optimised mixtures always perform better than other strategies due to the combination of redundant and additional kill. We suggest that the comparison of optimised strategies is unbiased because each strategy is performing the best that it can. On this basis, in theory (but not necessarily practice), we believe that mixtures are better than other strategies and, through the steps of our argument, we can tie this success back to the fundamental properties (of simultaneous use and overlapping exposure) that distinguish mixtures from other strategy concepts. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Protein,energy and mineral utilization in rats fed rice-legume diets

Protein, energy and mineral utilization were examined in growing rats fed cooked, dry legume seeds in combination with polished rice. The legumes tested included 3 varieties of common beans, black, white and brown (Phaseolus vulgaris), lentils (Lens esculenta) and peas (Pisum sativum). The rice:legume mixtures (1:1 N ratio) were the only dietary sources of protein, Zn, Fe and Cu. The rice:black bean mixture was also tested at a 4:1 N ratio. Nutrient utilization was studied by balance trials and mineral utilization was further assessed by tissue analyses. True protein digestibility (TD) and energy digestibility of the rice:legume (1:1) mixtures were high. Biological value (BV) varied only little but was lowest in the rice:lentil mixture. The rice:brown bean mixture had the lowest amount of utilizable protein (UP). The (1:1) rice:legume mixtures did not adversely affect Fe status, as measured by liver Fe content and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit, or Cu status, as measured by liver Cu content and plasma ceruloplasmin. However, femur zinc content indicated a sub-optimal Zn status. Increasing the dietary N from rice in combination with black beans resulted in a substantial improvement of BV, NPU and Zn status of the animals but had a negative effect on UP and Fe status of the rats.     

Columns and Detectors Recommended in Gas Chromatography to Measure Greenhouse Emission and O2 Uptake in Soil: A Review

ABSTRACT

Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique used to analyze substances/molecules (as chemical species) with a system composed of chromatograph, column, and detector. This study has the objective of reviewing the use of GC in monitoring greenhouse gases (GHG; carbon dioxide: CO₂; methane: CH₄; nitrous oxide: N₂O) emission and O₂ (oxygen) uptake in soil, demonstrating results from experiments around the world and alternative use of sensors to monitor these gases in soil. Our study shows that the correct column and detector depend on analyzing gas and the advantages and disadvantages of the column and the detector. The columns, packed and capillary, have been more used and are considered better options to analyze GHG emission and O₂ uptake in soil science. Thermal conductivity detector (TCD), electron capture detector (ECD) and mass selective (MS) are great choice to monitor CO₂ emission; flame ionization detector (FID) equipped with methanizer allows the detection of CO₂ and CH₄ emission; and ECD detects the amount of N₂O emitted. Moreover, both, TCD and ECD, also can be used to detect O₂ uptake. GC system is complex, and to identify of GHG emission and O₂ uptake is necessary the use of column (packed or capillary) and may contain multiple detectors, i.e. three (TCD, ECD, and FID) or two detectors (FID and ECD). Field and laboratory study should be run to verify the efficacy of sensors to monitor GHG emission and O₂ uptake as an alternative of GC system.