Effects of extrusion cooking on some functional properties of soy-sweet potato mixtures – A response surface analysis

Mixtures of defatted soy flour and sweet potatoes wereextruded at 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0ratios in an Insta-Pro 600 single screw extruderoperated at 180, 200, 220 rpm.Oil (3–5%) was added into the mix before extrusion.A 5×3² fractional factorial central compositeresponse surface design was adopted forinvestigating the variables: feed composition, % oil,and screw rotation speed (RPM). Percent oil andscrew speed were randomly investigated at threelevels, while feed composition was randomlyinvestigated at five levels. Effect of extrusioncooking on functional properties: bulk density,expansion ratio, water absorption and solubilityindices and trypsin inhibitor were assessed.Results showed that feed composition and screw speedhad strong influences on the process. The effect ofadding oil, into defatted soybean significantly(p<0.05) affected only trypsin inhibitor content.High extrusion temperature (>130 ^°C), andaccompanying high shear, were the result of thenon-pasting nature of the extrudate. Therefore theproducts may have limited uses.     

GA3与6-BA复合剂对黄瓜产量的影响

用不同浓度的赤霉素(GA3)和细胞分裂素类生长调节剂(6-BA)及其复合剂对黄瓜幼果进行喷施试验，以求得到提高黄瓜产量的复合剂。试验结果表明，由高浓度的GA3和中浓度的6-BA复配的复合剂显增加前期黄瓜的果数，明显提高黄瓜前期产量，增产达52．89％。GA3和6-BA复合剂使前期单果重较对照降低，但对后期单果重及后期黄瓜果数无明显影响。     

Effects of white clover cultivar and companion grass on winter survival of seedlings in autumn-sown swards

The aim was to study the effects of white clover cultivar and combinations with perennial ryegrass cultivars on seedling establishment in autumn‐sown swards and on winter survival of seedlings. Large‐leaved white clover cv. Alice and small‐leaved white clover cv. Gwenda, and an erect and a prostrate perennial ryegrass cultivar were sown in autumn in pure stands and as four binary grass‐clover mixtures. Mixtures of white clover cv. Huia and Aberherald with perennial ryegrass were also sown. Companion grasses had no significant impact on the establishment of white clover. The number of seedlings of white clover cv. Alice in mixtures (335 m^?2) was higher than cv. Gwenda (183 m^?2) and pure swards had similar white clover population densities as mixed swards. White clover cv. Huia tended to have more seedlings than Aberherald (355 and 205 m^?2 respectively). No stolons were produced prior to a severe winter, because of the late sowing date. Winter survival of clover seedlings was 0·56 in mixtures and 0·69 in pure stands, irrespective of white clover or companion grass cultivar. Stolon development of white clover in autumn is often considered essential for overwintering survival and spring growth. In this study, there was considerable survival of the non‐stoloniferous tap‐rooted seedlings of all four clover cultivars despite a severe winter.     

Herbicide effect on growth and seed production of Lolium multiflorum in Atlantic Canada

Lolium multiflorum Lam. (annual ryegrass) is used extensively as a forage crop and seed is produced in several areas worldwide. Seed production has been shown to be commercially possible in Atlantic Canada but improved weed control is needed. Studies were conducted in two provinces (Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick) to determine the effects of the herbicides bentazon, bromoxynil/MCPA, dicamba/MCPA, thifensulfuron/tribenuron, 2,4-D and MCPA on weed control, L. multiflorum growth, seed yields and seed germination in 1998 and 1999. The herbicides MCPA, dicamba/MCPA and bromoxynil/MCPA as evaluated in these experiments provided acceptable control of the broad-leaved weeds present and had no effect on seed yield or seed germination. Although the thifensulfuron/tribenuron caused early foliar injury, the plants recovered and it provided excellent weed control. None of the herbicides affected seed germination. MCPA, dicamba/MCPA and bromoxynil/MCPA could be used to provide control of broad-leaved weeds and thifensulfuron/tribenuron could be used if growers were willing to accept some early injury and possible yield loss to obtain the improved weed control.     

Nutritive value of baobab milk (gubdi) and mixtures of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and hungry rice,acha (Digitaria exilis) flours

The baobab milk and fermented baobab/acha flour mixtures were analyzed chemically for their proximate, ascorbate, mineral and antinutrient composition. The dry pulp scraped from baobab fruits was kneaded, made into solution, extracted through cheese-cloth and stored frozen until analyzed. The acha and baobab grains were cleaned, fermented for 24 to 120 hours, dried and hammermilled into fine flours. The unfermented flours served as controls. The standard assay methods of AOAC were selected for use for the analysis of the nutrients and the antinutrients. The mixtures were composed of 70% acha and 30% baobab flours (70:30 protein basis). The baobab milk contained more protein (1.5%) and minerals (Fe, 17.8 mg; Ca 134.2 mg) than those of human milk (protein, 1.3%, Fe, 0.2 mg, Ca 30 mg) and cow milk (Fe, 0.1 mg; Ca 1.20 mg) and most leading national commercial infant formulas e.g. cerelac (Fe, 10.0 mg). The composite flours contained more nutrients than the baobab or the acha flour alone. The BF96 had greater advantage over other BF flours as a supplement to acha. The mixtures are within the reach of lower income group and can be incorporated into their diets.     

播种方式和行距对燕麦/饲用豌豆混播草地生产性能及种间关系的影响

为筛选出适宜于青藏高原高寒地区种植推广的播种方式及播种行距,本研究以燕麦(Avena sativa)和饲用豌豆(Pisum sativum)为试验材料,探求其在混播、间作及不同行距下的生产性能及种间竞争关系。结果表明：混播处理生产性能优于间作处理,30 cm处理优于其他行距。混播草地土地当量比均大于1,具有混播优势,混播草地中燕麦与饲用豌豆的种间相容性较好,两者间促进作用大于竞争作用,行距为30 cm与25 cm时,燕麦的竞争能力大于饲用豌豆。综合评价显示,青藏高原高寒地区燕麦/饲用豌豆混播行距30 cm时效果最佳,干草产量最高,适于建植应用。     

Effects of Competition upon the Productivity of White Clover-Perennial Ryegrass Mixtures. Genetic Analysis

A diallel cross amongst four contrasting white clover varieties was used to provide genetic information on those characters which affect the productivity of white clover-perennial ryegrass mixtures when grown under a cutting-only management regime. Generally speaking those characters recorded on the clover families and in mixtures exhibited highly significant additive and non-ad dative genetic effects, though for1 sortie characters the latter could not be ascribed solely to dominance effects. For two of the clover characters, stolon and leaf number, the genetic picture was radically altered in mixtures by the effects of inter-specific competition Pseudo-genetic effects were also detected for the grass characters, bur it was suggested that the two ryegrass varieties used here were exhibiting phenotypic plasticity. As a group the four intra-varietal crosses performed significantly better than the six intra-varietal crosses for all clover and mixture characters. Only one of the inter-varietal crosses had significantly positive specific combining ability effects for most characters and that was between the two long established varieties ‘S. 184’ and ‘S. 100’. The implications of these results for the breeding of white clover varieties for use in mixtures are briefly discussed.     

Sorten-Mischungseffekte in Wintergerstenbestanden in Abhängigkeit von Standort und Produktionsintensität

Cultivar mixture effects in winter barley as dependent on location and production intensity
Grain yields of high-yielding six-rowed winter barley cultivar mixtures were compared with those of pure stands under different production intensities in field trials over two years and two locations. Generally, mixing effects tended to be positive with low and negative with high intensities. Significantly negative mixing effects could be observed each year at both locations with highest production intensity. Significantly positive mixing effects could be observed in one year at one location only- Mixing effects could not be explained by the observed levels of diseases and lodging. There were, however, relatively close correlations between mixing effects on grain yields and on grain numbers/m²     

Spring Cereals for Forage and Grain Production in a Cool Maritime Climate

Newfoundland's climate is marginal for agricultural production. The availability of locally grown cereal grain and high‐quality forage are major limitations to successful animal agriculture in this region. Here, our overall objective was to compare several spring cereal species for both annual forage and grain production in Newfoundland's cool Maritime climate. Several varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aesitivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.)–cereal mixtures for forage yield and quality, as well as grain yield and maturity, were compared in field trials on the east and west coasts in both 1999 and 2000. Barley headed earliest, yielded greatest forage dry matter, had lowest forage protein and acid detergent fibre (ADF) percentages, and had neutral detergent fibre (NDF) mean values greater than those of pea–cereal mixtures, but less than those of oats and wheat. Forage harvested from pea–cereal mixtures was similar to that of barley for yield, ADF and NDF, while P and protein percentage were much greater. Barley matured 10–15 days earlier than both wheat and oats. In general terms, all three spring cereals exhibited similar grain yield potential. Oats tillered less, but compensated by producing more kernels spike^?1. Days to maturity for cereal grains in western Newfoundland were roughly similar to those reported for the Maritime provinces of Canada. Yield and maturity results for both forage and grain production suggest that eastern Newfoundland is a unique agro‐ecoregion in North America, and agronomic recommendations specific to other regions may not be applicable in this region.     

6种混剂中代森锰锌的稳定性和ETU的含量

采用高效液相色谱和ＧＣ－ＭＳ，研究了在自然条件下贮藏５年的代森锰锌（ＭＺ）制剂的降解。样品用甲醇抽提，测定后经联机检索解析，确定了ＭＺ制剂的主要降解产物和途径。ＭＺ的主要降解产物和途径与一般的ＥＢＤＣｓ相似。ＭＺ的主要降解产物为ＥＴＵ，ＥＤＩ，ＥＵ等，主要降解途径为氧化。按照热贮藏方法（ＣＩＰＡＣ ＭＴ４６），采用黄原酸盐法测定了ＭＺ制剂单剂的稳定性，对ＭＺ＋ｆｏｓｅｔｈｙｌ＝Ａｌ，ＭＺ＋ｃｈｌｏ