Methods for Comparing the Yield Stability of Cropping Systems

The stability of yield is an important characteristic to be considered when judging the value of a cropping system relative to others. In the context of agricultural research, the analysis of yield stability has been largely confined to multienvironment trials of crop cultivars. This review emphasizes that methods for comparing the stability of cultivars can also be used for comparing different agronomic treatments in general, of which cultivars are but a special case. Throughout the paper, different agronomic treatments are referred to as cropping systems. Some of the methods useful for stability analysis of cropping systems are discussed and a brief review of applications of these methods is given. The paper puts different stability measures into a unifying mixed model perspective.     

氰戊菊酯与单甲脒复配对桔全爪螨的增效作用

氰戊菊酯和单甲脒 ２ 种药剂的各种配比均对桔全爪螨存在着不同程度的增效作用,其中以氰戊菊酯与单甲脒按１∶５ 的比例复配增效作用最为明显,共毒系数达到 ４１１．４２．田间药效试验也表明, ２０％ 的混剂乳油（３．３３％ 氰戊菊酯＋ １６．６７％ 单甲脒）的药效明显高于２０％ 的氰戊菊酯乳油和２５％ 的单甲脒乳油．     

Dispersion and migration of fine particles in two palygorskite‐containing soils of the Jordan Valley

Migration of different mineral particles within columns of soil‐sand mixtures containing 10 or 20 mass % of soil was investigated by establishing differences in the mineral suite between the ”︁bulk clay” and the ”︁mobile fine material” fractions. The ”︁bulk clay” fractions of all soils contained smectite, palygorskite, kaolinite, quartz, feldspar, and calcite. The soils were saturated with sodium by leaching with NaCl solution, and then leached with distilled water. Clay dispersion and particle migration occurred in the columns. Values of SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) of the effluent decreased with time due to carbonate dissolution. At a certain SAR value, the clays apparently formed aggregates, and as a consequence particle migration stopped in the column. In addition to clay‐sized particles (< 2 μm), very‐fine‐silt‐sized particles (2— 5 μm) were able to migrate in the soil‐sand mixtures, too, and to some extent fine‐silt‐sized particles (5—10 μm) as well. Average size of mobile particles decreases with increase of soil content in the soil‐sand mixtures. The mineralogical composition of the ”︁mobile fine material” changed during the experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, the ”︁mobile fine material” was enriched in the non‐phyllosilicates (especially in calcite, and in some cases in quartz, feldspar and dolomite) and contained low concentrations of phyllosilicates (smectite, palygorskite and kaolinite). At the end of the experiment, the proportion of non‐phyllosilicates decreased, and as a consequence, the proportion of phyllosilicates increased. Among the non‐phyllosilicates, calcite was the most mobile mineral. Among the phyllosilicates, palygorskite was preferentially mobilized in topsoil horizons. In subsoil horizons, on the other hand, kaolinite was preferentially mobilized. This difference was explained by the different nature of carbonates in the topsoil and subsoil horizons. Palygorskite is preferentially occluded within the soil carbonates of lacustrine origin over smectite and kaolinite. These carbonates are present mainly in the subsoil horizons. As a consequence, the presence of these carbonates in the subsoil horizons decreases the migration of mainly palygorskite.     

Joint action of natural and synthetic photosystem II inhibitors

The inhibitory action on photosystem II of four sorgoleone analogues, isolated from Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench, and two synthetic inhibitors, diuron and bentazone, was tested by measuring oxygen evolution of thylakoid membranes. The inhibition of oxygen evolution for mixtures of inhibitors was compared with the Additive Dose Model (ADM). ADM assumes that, at a defined response level, the effect of a mixture of inhibitors can be unambiguously expressed by the potency of either of the inhibitors applied separately. The slope of the logistic dose-response curves differed between the inhibitors; sorgoleone analogues had the steepest and bentazone the shallowest slope. The difference in slopes makes the interpretation of the isoboles less general and may reflect the differences in the interaction between the natural and the synthetic inhibitors with the binding site. The results suggest that there may be some limitation to ADM, namely that compounds with the same site of action might have different response curves if their mechanism of binding is different. The joint action of inhibitors follows ADM at I₅₀ . Therefore, the inhibitors can replace each other in any mixture ratio, based on the relative potencies of the pure inhibitors, without changing each other's effect on oxygen evolution. The joint action at I₂₀ and I₈₀ sometimes diverged from ADM. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Grasslands in ‘Old World’ and ‘New World’ Mediterranean‐climate zones: past trends,current status and future research priorities

Despite their ecological, economic and social importance, grasslands in areas with Mediterranean climates continue to receive limited scientific, political and media attention. The main objectives of this review are to compare and contrast dryland grasslands in the ‘Old World’ regions of the Mediterranean basin (southern Europe, western Asia and North Africa) with those of ‘New World’ regions with Mediterranean climates (Australia and Chile) and to identify common research priorities. The common characteristics and differences in climate, soils, native vegetation, importance of the livestock sector and the socio‐economic background for the different Mediterranean environments are examined. Past trends and the current status of temporary and permanent Mediterranean grasslands are also described. Some common issues between these regions are as follows: (i) adaptation to climate change; (ii) increasing persistence and drought survival of both annual and perennial species; (iii) the important role of forage legumes; (iv) maintaining grassland plant diversity; and (v) improved ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, control of soil erosion and wildfires, and preservation of both wild and domestic biodiversity. The favourable climate in these regions, which allows year‐round grazing and the growth of legumes, should be exploited to improve the sustainability of grassland‐based, extensive farming systems and the quality of their animal products, while at the same time improving ecosystem services. The decreasing support for grassland research and development programmes requires increased international scientific and technical cooperation among the few institutions operating in the different Mediterranean‐climate areas of the World to provide innovative and sustainable solutions to farmers.     

8%甲氰菊酯·丁氟螨酯纳米乳剂的研制及其性能

【目的】农药复配可扩大防治谱、降低单剂用药量和生产成本,延长药剂使用寿命。开发能耗低、稳定性好的纳米乳剂,使农药有效成分可以通过剂型加工更好地发挥其生物效果,提高药效。【方法】采用药膜法测定两种杀虫杀螨剂甲氰菊酯、丁氟螨酯对朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)的毒力,采用共毒因子法评价两个药剂的增效作用,共毒系数法进行复配农药最佳配比筛选,最后对配比与共毒系数进行数学模型方程拟合对最佳配比进行筛选;并在获得最佳配比的基础上采用低能乳化法加工成8%甲氰菊酯·丁氟螨酯纳米乳剂,根据联合国粮农组织纳米乳剂特性及基本要求,进行8%甲氰菊酯·丁氟螨酯纳米乳剂质量控制指标检测;并通过接触角和黏附功的测定初步探究纳米乳剂的性能。【结果】药膜法测定甲氰菊酯、丁氟螨酯处理朱砂叶螨雌成螨24 h后LC_(50)分别为711.62、4.32 mg·L~(-1),共毒因子法测定结果表明,甲氰菊酯和丁氟螨酯复配在质量比18﹕1和165﹕1之间具有增效作用,增效配比区间较宽,两者复配可行。共毒系数法结果表明,甲氰菊酯与丁氟螨酯的质量比为50﹕1时,共毒系数(CTC)最高,CTC=209.96。通过方程拟合,甲氰菊酯·丁氟螨酯配比与共毒系数的数学模型为y=-216.86x2+19201x-424807,R~2=0.864,理论最佳配比约为39﹕1(质量比),CTC=211.91,进一步通过共毒系数法对理论最佳配比验证得:甲氰菊酯﹕丁氟螨酯=39﹕1时,毒力回归方程为y=0.66x+3.8,r=0.9757,LC_(50)=60.96 mg·L~(-1),共毒系数(CTC)高达215.36。由以上结果可知理论最佳配比与实际最佳配比增效作用基本一致,说明筛选的甲氰菊酯和丁氟螨酯最佳配比具有实际可靠性。最终确定39﹕1(甲氰菊酯﹕丁氟螨酯质量比)为最佳配比进行纳米乳剂的研制。通过溶剂、乳化剂、水质的筛选,得到8%甲氰菊酯·丁氟螨酯纳米乳剂的最佳制剂配方,优化配方为:甲氰菊酯7.8%,丁氟螨酯0.2%,溶剂10%(溶剂油S~(-1)50#﹕二甲苯=4﹕1),乳化剂9%—11%(十二烷基苯磺酸钙﹕聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯=2﹕3),丙三醇2%,水补足至100%。所研制8%甲氰菊酯·丁氟螨酯纳米乳剂外观呈透明均相液体,乳液稳定性、低温稳定性、热贮稳定性、经时稳定性等指标均合格,稀释200倍呈淡蓝色均相透明液体且分散性良好。8%甲氰菊酯·丁氟螨酯纳米乳剂与两种单剂相比接触角更小,黏附功大,纳米乳液雾滴与靶标结合得更加牢固,药液不容易从靶标上洒落,更有利于植物对药液的吸收,可提高药效。【结论】采用共毒因子法、共毒系数法与拟合方程相结合进行最佳配比的筛选,其结果可以更全面、客观地反映出二元复配剂的增效情况,对农药复配有一定的指导价值,同时纳米乳剂的引入对于改善当前农药剂型结构具有重要意义。     

防治灰飞虱高效活性化合物和杀虫单剂及复配剂研究

采用浸苗法测定了2种新型烟碱类活性化合物和4种杀虫单剂对灰飞虱3龄若虫的毒力,并对其中3种杀虫单剂的复配增效作用进行了研究.结果表明,在供试的6种化合物中,活性化合物SXSN001对灰飞虱的毒力最高,其他化合物按毒力由高到低依次为:噻虫嗪>SXS001>吡虫啉>毒死蜱>吡蚜酮.将毒死蜱分别与吡蚜酮和噻虫嗪按一定比例复配后发现二者均表现出明显的增效作用,其中毒死蜱与吡蚜酮配比为9:20时,增效作用最明显,其校正毒力比为1.28,共毒系数为238.77;毒死蜱与噻虫嗪配比为16:1时,增效作用最明显,其校正毒力比为1.74,共毒系数为201.12.     

Response of Ugandan common bean varieties to Pseudocercospora griseola and Angular leaf spot disease development in varietal mixtures

Angular leaf spot (ALS) is one of the most economically important bean diseases in Africa. One promising control option for the disease is the use of mixtures of resistant and susceptible varieties. This research evaluated (1) the reaction of farmer preferred bean varieties to ALS in the screenhouse and on-station and (2) the effect of different spatial arrangements of resistant and susceptible bean varieties on ALS disease development. For the latter, five mixture combinations and two controls were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design having three replicates. Analysis of variance and least significant differences (LSDs) were used to compare disease levels in both studies above. Varietal screening showed significant differences in varietal reaction to ALS. Screenhouse disease scores ranged between 0 and 5, compared to 0.7–3.9 in the field. For the varietal mixture trial, the lowest disease levels and the highest mixture efficiencies were observed for the combination of equal proportions of the susceptible and resistant varieties randomly mixed (even mixture) prior to planting. We conclude that even mixtures reduce the amount of ALS disease that develops in the season.     

Evaluation and management of acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor resistant littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in Pakistan

A field survey was conducted for the sampling of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor resistance littleseed canarygrass, a major weed of wheat, from Punjab, Pakistan in 2014 for confirmation of resistance. The surveyed regions encompassed four different cropping systems including rice–wheat, maize–wheat, cotton–wheat and mixed cropping. Dose–response assay was conducted for confirmation of resistance. Efficacy of herbicide mixtures including clodinafop–propargyl, metribuzin, pinoxaden and sulfosulfuron at a range of doses was investigated to manage littleseed canarygrass. Results revealed that all populations were resistant to fenoxaprop except PM-BWL-2. The higher level resistance (6.5) was found in populations collected from rice–wheat cropping system. The tested herbicide mixtures at 75% and 100% of the recommended dose of each mixture component provided the effective control of resistant littleseed canarygrass. Mixtures at 50% provided more than 80% control and reduced growth and seed production potential of surviving plants. The confirmation of ACCase inhibitor resistance as the first case of herbicide resistance in Pakistan, leads us to discourage use of ACCase inhibitor herbicides alone. However, herbicide mixtures at 75% and 100% of the recommended dose are suggested to manage this weed for sustainable wheat production in the surveyed cropping systems.     

17种阿维菌素混剂对柑桔红蜘蛛的田间防治效果

摘 要：为进一步明确现有阿维菌素与其它杀螨剂的混剂对柑桔红蜘蛛的效果。2009年,在大田中,以喷雾施药法对17种阿维菌素混配剂进行了防治柑桔红蜘蛛的田间试验。结果表明：用药后3d,对柑桔红蜘蛛控制效果≥90%的品种有14种;用药后10d,控制效果≥90%的品种有12种;速效最好的是10%阿维菌素?哒螨灵EW,用药后1d,防治效果达97%以上;持效期最长的是25%阿维菌素?苯丁锡WP,用药后30d,防治效果仍达86%以上。可以认为,阿维菌素与其它杀螨剂合理的混配,将是今后控制柑桔红蜘蛛为害的最为经济有效品种。