Understanding the stability of Samanea saman trees through tree pulling,analytical calculations and numerical models

There have been several cases of tree failure in Singapore. Many studies have shown that soil properties and root architecture of trees are important factors that govern tree stability. Twenty Samanea saman trees were planted in different soil media, which were original in situ soil, top soil, mixture of 50% granite chips and 50% top soil, and mixture of 80% granite chips and 20% top soil. The objectives of this study were to investigate tree overturning processes and also to compare the results of tree pulling tests with results from an analytical calculation and numerical modeling for different soil types. The results showed that stability of the trees were not governed by the shear strength of the soil. Factors that affected tree stability included cross-sectional area of the roots and root plate area. Tree pulling test and numerical modeling results showed that there were two modes of failure which occurred when a tree was overturned. The first mode was the shear failure of soil and the second was a combination of shear failure of soil and root breakage. The maximum overturning force obtained from the tree pulling test was in the same order of magnitude as the maximum overturning forces obtained from the analytical calculation and numerical modeling.     

Choice of the optimal method for the isolation of Salmonella from meat- and bone powder designed for industrial feed mixtures

The purpose of this paper was (1) comparison of four multi-step methods used for Salmonella isolation from meat- and bone powder; (2) elaboration of a new sensitive method of Salmonella isolation from this product; (3) evaluation of a new solid selective medium (BxLH) described by the authors for Salmonella isolation in comparison to brilliant green agar (BGE) according to Edel and Kampelmacher. The study was carried out on 173 meat- and bone powder samples naturally contaminated with Salmonella oranienburg. The samples were examined for the Salmonella presence by means of four compared methods (Methods 1 to 4). The new method of isolation proposed by the authors (Method 3) proved to be the most effective among all compared for Salmonella recovery. It seems that the superiority of Method 3 in comparison to the other applied was a result of, (1) homogenization of the investigated samples in distilled water before preincubation followed by maintenance at room temperature for 2–4 h; (2) the use of a new selective BxLH agar; (3) the use of multiple plating after selective enrichment. The BxLH medium was shown to be more suitable for Salmonella isolation than BGE agar because of more efficient inhibition of other bacterial growth with simultaneously abundant growth of the Salmonella organisms. The additional advantage offered by BxLH agar was the fact that lactose-positive salmonellas grow as typical representatives of this genus. This enables their identification, in contrast to the situation when lactose containing media are used, where the colonies of such salmonellas are similar to the colonies of, for example, Escherichia coli.     

RP-HPLC法测定普抗合剂中黄芩苷的含量

建立了测定普抗合剂中黄芩苷含量的反相高效液相色谱法。采用Symmetry C18分析柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.006%磷酸(50∶50);流速1.0 mL/m in;色谱柱温度25℃;检测波长278 nm;进样体积10μL;外标法计算含量。结果表明,黄芩苷进样量在0.412~4.12μg范围内,其色谱峰面积与进样量间有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 5,n=5,回收率为99.48%,RSD=1.07%(n=5)。该方法可用于控制普抗合剂中黄芩苷含量。     

Herbicides used in combination can reduce the probability of herbicide resistance in finite weed populations

A simulation study was conducted to examine the effect of pattern of herbicide use on development of resistance to two herbicides with different modes of action in finite weed populations. The effects of the size of the treatment area (analogous to initial weed population), germination fraction and degree of self‐pollination in the weed were investigated. The results indicate that the probability of developing resistance to one or both herbicides decreases as the size of the area/initial population decreases. For treatment areas of 100 ha or less with an initial weed seedbank of 100 seeds m^?2 and initial frequencies of the resistance genes of 10^?6, development of resistance to both herbicides (double‐resistance) is uncommon within 50 years for all types of weeds if both herbicides are used in all years (used in combination). If herbicides are used in alternate years (rotated) double‐resistance almost always occurs in 100 ha areas but is uncommon in areas of 1 ha or less. The results suggest that adoption of practices that limit movement of weeds in conjunction with using herbicides in combination rather than in rotation can substantially delay development of herbicide resistance.     

Resistance to metalaxyl in Phytophthora infestans in the Netherlands

Two hundred and twenty two isolates ofPhytophthora infestans from infected potato foliage or tubers, obtained in 1981 from different potato fields in various regions of the Netherlands, were tested for their ability to infect potato leaf discs floating on solutions of metalaxyl of various concentrations. Isolates were designated as resistant to metalaxyl when sporulation occurred at a concentration of 1 g ml^–1 or higher.Forty-one isolates appeared to be resistant. Thirty-five of the resistant isolates and 29 sensitive ones originated from three areas involving circa 15% of the total Dutch potato acreage. In these areas 28% of the fields sampled were metalaxyl-treated and 78% of these fields yielded resistant isolates. Only one of the three areas had a history of metalaxyl resistance in 1980. Six metalaxyl-resistant and 152 sensitive isolates were found in potato fields in other areas including those with major problems of resistance in 1980. All of four old potato cull piles sampled in the latter areas yielded metalaxyl-resistant isolates and two of these sites had possibly been inoculum sources for nearby potato fields. Only 9% of the fields sampled in these areas were metalaxyl-treated and none of these yielded a metalaxyl-resistant isolate.The data are compatible with the idea that infected seed potatoes were the major source of the incoculum that initiated the early and severe late blight epidemic in 1981 in the Netherlands. The severity has been enhanced by late-blight-conducive weather conditions during the emergence of the crop and its early stages of development, when fungicides had not yet been applied. Old potato cull piles are assumed to have been less important in starting the 1981 epidemic.Apparently, infected seed potatoes carried predominantly metalaxyl-sensitive strains, which explains the prevalence of metalaxyl-sensitive strains in most of the fields. In 1980, the seed potato crop had been harvested before the problem of metalaxyl-resistance surfaced. Hence, it might be assumed that infection of seed potatoes, favoured by late-blight-conducive weather in 1980, had been caused by metalaxyl-sensitive strains. Evidence that seed potatoes could also carry metalaxyl-resistant strains was obtained in two cases. It might explain their early occurrence in fields located in areas without a history of metalaxyl resistance in 1980 and the rapid build-up of a resistant population in a number of metalaxyl-treated fields.Development of resistance in potato fields, which were under heavy disease pressure after spraying with a mixture of metalaxyl and mancozeb, could not be proven definitely. In one experimental field the seed tubers very likely carried metalaxyl-resistant strains, which initiated an epidemic, and in a second field the influx of resistant strains from elsewhere could not be completely ruled out. In the latter field spraying the mixture at a two-week interval could not effectively control the disease. In this field a considerable degree of tuber infection by metalaxyl-resistant strains was noticed.No correlation existed between the behaviour of a particular strain towards metalaxyl and the genes for virulence present. Among a total of 79 isolates, the race of which has been identified, 23 different races were found. Race 1.3.4.7.10.11 was most frequently found, followed by race 1.3.4.7.11. Among 37 resistant isolates 10 different races could be identified.Samenvatting Gedurende de zomer en najaar van 1981 werden 222 veldisolaten vanPhytophthora infestans met behulp van een drijftoets getoetst op resistentie tegen metalaxyl. Per perceel werd meestal één isolaat, hetzij afkomstig van een door de aardappelziekte aangetast blad, hetzij van een zieke knol, getoetst.Eén en veertig isolaten bleken resistent te zijn. Van deze 41 waren er 35 afkomstig uit West Brabant, de Hoekse Waard en Oost Brabant/Noord Limburg, waar ongeveer 15% van het totale aardappelareaal in Nederland is gelegen. Daarnaast werden uit deze gebieden 29 gevoelige isolaten verkregen. Van de bemonsterde percelen uit de drie genoemde gebieden was 29% één- of tweemaal met metalaxyl behandeld, meestal in combinatie met andere middelen. Uit 78% van de aldus behandelde percelen werd een resistant isolaat verkregen. In de genoemde gebieden werden in 1980 alleen in Oost-Brabant/Noord Limburg problemen ondervonden van metalaxylresistentie.In percelen in overige gedeelten van Nederland, waar in 1980 algemeen metalaxylresistentie werd waargenomen, werden in totaal slechts zes metalaxyl-resistente en 152 gevoelige isolaten aangetroffen. Geen enkel van de met metalaxyl bespoten percelen (9% van het aantal bemonsterde percelen) leverde hier een resistent isolaat op. Uit een viertal aardappelafvalhopen in deze gebieden waarop de aardappelziekte voorkwam, werden metalaxyl-resistente stammen verkregen en twee ervan hadden waarschijnlijk een naburig perceel besmet.De resultaten van het onderzoek en de waarnemingen in de percelen wijzen erop dat de vroege en hevige epidemie van de aardappelziekte in 1981 is veroorzaakt door besmet pootgoed waaruit secundair zieke planten zijn ontstaan. Daarnaast werd het uitbreken van de epidemie vooral begunstig door de voorPhytophthora gunstige weersomstandigheden gedurende de periode eind mei tot half juni en het feit dat de eerste bespuiting te laat werd uitgevoerd, hetzij door overmacht, hetzij door het te traag reageren op de waarschuwingen via de radio.In 1980 hebben voornamelijk metalaxyl-gevoelige stammen het pootgoed kunnen besmetten, hetgeen verklaarbaar is uit het feit dat in dat jaar de problemen met metalaxylresistentie pas werden waargenomen nadat het loof van het pootgoed was vernietigd. In een tweetal gevallen zijn evenwel aanwijzingen verkregen dat pootgoed ook besmet kon zijn met resistente stammen. Een dergelijke besmetting is waarschijnlijk ook de verklaring voor het op grote schaal voorkomen van resistente stammen in West Brabant en de Hoekse Waard na een eenmalige toepassing van metalaxyl.In een tweetal proefvelden, waarvan er één was gelegen in Zuid-Flevoland en het andere te Heelsum, is het ontstaan van een resistante populatie bestudeerd bij een twee-wekelijkse toepassing van een mengsel van metalaxyl en mancozeb. Pootgoed, gebruikt in het op praktijkschaal uitgevoerde experiment in Zuid-Flevoland, bleek waarschijnlijk besmet te zijn met metalaxyl-resistente stammen, zoals op 1 juli werd vastgesteld in een onbehandeld gedeelte van het perceel. Op het behandelde gedeelte bleek het mengsel de ontwikkeling van de ziekte aanzienlijk te vertragen; evenwel werd na 16 juli een wekelijkse bespuiting met een maneb/fentin acetaat-bevattend produkt uitgevoerd voor een zo goed mogelijk ziektebestrijding.Op het in Heelsum gelegen proefveld werd op 5 augustus de ziekte het eerst waargenomen in het behandelde gedeelte, nadat de planten in het onbehandelde gedeelte, ten gevolgen van een doelbewuste inoculatie met gevoelige stammen op een naast gelegen aardappel-selectieveld, reeds voor meer dan 50% waren aangetast. Uit aangetaste bladeren van het behandelde gedeelte konden metalaxyl-resistente stammen worden geïsoleerd. In de loop van augustus bleek het metalaxyl/mancozeb-mengsel niet in staat verdere uitbreiding van de ziekte tegen te gaan en trad knolinfectie op. Begin september werden uitsluitend resistente stammen aangetroffen.Geen enkel verband kon worden vastgesteld tussen het optreden van metalaxyl-resistentie en het voorkomen van een bepaald fysio van de schimmel. Op een totaal van 79 isolaten konden 23 verschillende fysio's worden geïdentificeerd. Het fysio 1.3.4.7.10.11 werd de meeste keren gevonden, gevolgd door fysio 1.3.4.7.11. Tien verschillende fysio's werden aangetroffen onder de 37 getoetste metalaxyl-resistente isolaten.     

杀菌剂与吡虫啉混合配剂对褐飞虱种群增长的影响

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stål是亚洲国家水稻产区的主要害虫,其腹部脂肪体内存在大量类酵母共生菌（Yeast-like symbiotes,YLS）。YLS对褐飞虱的生长发育和繁殖起着至关重要的作用。以YLS为靶标,通过抑制褐飞虱体内YLS从而控制褐飞虱的发生必将是今后有效防治褐飞虱的新途径。前期研究表明,与单一的化学杀虫剂相比,杀虫剂和杀菌剂的混配制剂因能有效抑制褐飞虱体内YLS的数量从而导致褐飞虱更高的死亡率。本研究利用生命表和Morris-Watt数学模型分析了27%丰加霉素&四霉素P&四烯菌素B&四霉素A和75%肟菌酯&戊唑醇分别与吡虫啉的混合配剂对褐飞虱种群增长影响。结果表明,2种混合配剂处理后褐飞虱体内YLS的数量均明显下降,且褐飞虱种群增长指数显著低于吡虫啉处理组,混合配剂对褐飞虱的抑制作用主要表现在卵孵化期和成虫产卵期。本研究结果为褐飞虱防治提供了新的思路和方法。     

32种农药复配制剂及26种杀虫剂单剂热贮稳定性的研究

研究了３２ 种农药复配制剂及２６ 种杀虫剂单剂,在５４℃±２℃贮存１４ｄ,各个农药成分的稳定性。结果表明,混剂中大部分农药成分的稳定性不如其单剂稳定。特别是混剂中的氧乐果和三唑酮的分解率很高,分别是４２．８５％ 和５９．２％ 。在２６ 种杀虫剂单剂中,分解率较高的有马拉硫磷、单甲脒、久效磷、氧乐果：分解率分别是６８．５６％ 、３９．９６％ 、１８．９４％ 和１４．８１％ 。     

Towards a tiered test strategy for plant protection products to address mixture toxicity by alternative approaches in human health assessment

Plant protection products (PPPs) consist of pesticide active substances and co‐formulants. Generally, active substance effects are assumed to dominate in PPP toxicity. Nevertheless, co‐formulants may well affect the toxicity of PPPs via toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic interaction. To account for potential mixture effects and improve PPP data requirements for application in risk assessment, a tiered test strategy is proposed. The strategy is based on a comparison of PPP and active substance toxicity, which enables the prioritisation of PPPs for further testing, adaptation of the toxicological threshold value or removal of toxic co‐formulants from the PPP. Moreover, it focuses on the integrative assessment of existing information and newly generated data using alternative test methods. The proposed strategy will improve PPP toxicological assessment by accounting for mixture toxicity, providing a set of regulatory options for risk assessment and the necessary data for hazard assessment. The predictivity of alternative methods for PPPs will improve by evaluation of their reliability and uncertainty. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

COMPARING PERFORMANCE OF CROP SPECIES MIXTURES AND PURE STANDS

•The literature on intercropping comprises thousands of papers. •Evidence synthesis is needed to develop general conclusions. •Quantitative evidence synthesis requires meaningful comparative performance metrics. •The background, meaning, and limitations of some performance metrics is explained. •Future challenges are identified. Intercropping is the planned cultivation of species mixtures on agricultural land. Intercropping has many attributes that make it attractive for developing a more sustainable agriculture, such as high yield, high resource use efficiency, lower input requirements, natural suppression of pests, pathogens and weeds, and building a soil with more organic carbon and nitrogen. Information is needed which species combinations perform best under different circumstances and which management is suitable to bring out the best from intercropping in a given production situation. The literature is replete with case studies on intercropping from across the globe, but evidence synthesis is needed to make this information accessible. Meta-analysis requires a careful choice of metric that is appropriate for answering the question at hand, and which lends itself for a robust meta-analysis. This paper reviews some metrics that may be used in the quantitative synthesis of literature data on intercropping.     

基于生态位理论的豆禾混播草地群落稳定性利用管理研究

为探明刈割与施肥影响河西地区豆禾混播草地稳定性的生态学机理,本研究以‘清水’紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)和长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata)建植的混播草地为对象,设置3个留茬高度(5 cm(A₁),8 cm(A₂)和11 cm(A₃))和6个施肥处理(CK(B₁),150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2(B₂),75 kg N·hm^-2+225 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2(B₃),150 kg N·hm^-2+150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2(B₄),150 kg N·hm^-2(B₅),225...