植物细胞有丝分裂实验条件优化

结合生物学实验教学,对植物细胞有丝分裂实验的取材、预处理条件、染料以及染色方法选择进行了比较研究。结果表明:选用洋葱根尖作为试材;材料预处理选用4℃低温预处理24~36 h;选择Schiff试剂作为染料;用Fuelgen染色法染色为观察植物细胞有丝分裂实验最优化的条件。     

Mitosis Inhibitors Induce Massive Accumulation of Phytoene in the Microalga Dunaliella salina

Phytoene is a colourless natural carotenoid that absorbs UV light and provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as protection against photodamage. It is therefore valued for its skin health and aesthetic benefits by the cosmetic industry, as well as by the health food sector. The halotolerant green microalga Dunaliella salina is one of the richest sources of natural carotenoids. We have previously investigated the over-production of phytoene in D. salina after cultivation with the well-characterised mitosis inhibitor, chlorpropham. In this study, 15 herbicides with different modes of action were tested for their potential to promote phytoene accumulation. All herbicides showed different levels of capabilities to support phytoene over-production in D. salina. Most significantly, the two mitosis inhibitors tested in this study, propyzamide and chlorpropham, showed similar capacities to support the over-production of phytoene by D. salina cultures as phytoene desaturase inhibitors. The cellular content of phytoene increased by over 10-fold within 48 h of treatment with the mitosis inhibitors compared to untreated cultures. Results indicate a general effect of mitosis inhibitors on phytoene accumulation in D. salina. Furthermore, red light was found to significantly enhance the phytoene yield when used in combination with effective inhibitor treatments. Red light can be applied to maximize the production of phytoene from D. salina.     

航天搭载后福橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)茎尖无性系有丝分裂行为和细胞超微结构的变化

福橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)茎尖经‘实践八号'育种卫星搭栽后,经组织培养获得其再生植株,以此为材料,结合常规压片法与超薄切片技术,研究航天搭载对福橘当代无性系细胞有丝分裂行为及细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明:航天搭载对福橘茎尖具有诱变作用,所得13个诱变无性系中,有丝分裂过程存在不同程度的异常...     

轮叶党参染色体核型分析

轮叶党参的核型国内一直未见报道,通过对其中期染色体形态的研究,得知其核型为 2n=12m 4s=16。     

拟南芥N末端乙酰转移酶Naa50参与调控根细胞有丝分裂

N末端乙酰转移酶Naa50在调控拟南芥生长发育方面至关重要。为探究Naa50是否通过调控细胞有丝分裂来影响植物生长发育,将naa50-1突变体与H2B-YFP株系杂交,利用H2B-YFP标示细胞分裂过程中染色体的分离行为。结果表明,与野生型相比,拟南芥naa50-1突变体根尖分生区细胞有丝分裂指数下降,染色体畸变率明显增加,微核率上升,且处在分裂中期的细胞比例增加。将naa50-1突变体与CYCB1-CUS株系杂交,检测根细胞中CYCB1蛋白表达,发现naa50-1突变体中CYCB1蛋白表达量明显增加。PI染色分析表明,naa50-1突变体根部存在部分死细胞。以上结果表明,在细胞有丝分裂过程中,Naa50促进遗传物质平均分配到两个子细胞中,促进细胞从分裂中期向后期转换;Naa50通过调控细胞分裂进而参与植物生长发育的调控。     

不同浓度磷酰胺除草剂胺草磷(APM)对蚕豆根系细胞有丝分裂及一些生化性状的影响

采用室内培养实验方法 ,研究了不同浓度和不同时间胺草磷 (APM )对蚕豆根系细胞有丝分裂及根系蛋白质和POD同工酶的影响。结果表明 :(1)不同浓度APM处理后 ,可明显提高有丝分裂指数 ,但与APM浓度的增加无明显线性关系。(2)5μmol/L浓度处理的根系 ,其蛋白质谱带出现增加与缺失现象 ,与对照相比 ,增加了4条谱带 ,在组蛋白区域缺失1条谱带。(3)根系内POD同工酶的变化趋势与蛋白质变化基本吻合 ,1～4μmol/L处理未呈现明显变化 ,但在5μmol/L下与对照相比诱导出一条活性很强的POD3 谱带。综上所述 ,5μmol/LAPM浓度处理可以认为是蚕豆根尖中一些生化性状产生变化的临界浓度。     

蓖麻蚕有丝分裂染色体的研究

利用蓖麻蚕雄蚕幼虫早期精巢涂片,Giemsa染色,对雄蚕有丝分裂染色体进行了研究。首次详细地描述了其有丝分裂各个时期的染色体形态特征。     

马蹄金染色体的核型分析

采用染色体常规压片方法,用3种不同方法对马蹄金(Dichondra repens Forst.)根尖进行预处理,同时比较4种染色液的效果,对马蹄金进行核型分析.结果表明,在2℃下,0.5 mg/mL的秋水仙素处理4 h并用改良的石炭酸-碱性品红染色液染色效果最佳.马蹄金核型公式为2n=2x=30=26m 2sm 2st,核型属2A型,是染色体基数为15的二倍体.     

Further cytological characteristics of a male-sterile mutant in soybean affecting cytokinesis and microspore development

A spontaneous male‐sterile mutation affecting microspore development has been found in BR97‐13509H line of the official Brazilian soybean breeding programme. Slightly abnormal and irregular chromosome segregation occurred in both meiotic divisions, albeit insufficient to explain total pollen sterility. The main cause of male sterility was the absence of cytokinesis after telophase II. Instead of the typical tetrads of microspores, four‐nucleate coenocytic microspores were formed. Coenocytic microspores resulting from the absence of cytokinesis have also been described in ms1 and ms4 male‐sterile soybean mutants, although with certain differential characteristics. In the BR97‐13509H mutant line, after interphase the four nuclei were rejoined in one or two metaphase plates and progressed through the first pollen mitosis. Pollen then underwent a progressive process of degeneration characterized by continuous cytoplasmic shrinkage. The second pollen mitosis failed to occur, and pollen sterility became total.     

Equine laminitis: Ultrastructural lesions detected in ponies following hyperinsulinaemia

Reasons for performing study: Anatomical changes in the hoof lamellar tissue induced by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia have not been described previously. Analysis of the induced lesions may promote understanding of hyperinsulinaemic laminitis pathogenesis and produce clinical benefit. Objectives: To use light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to document hoof lamellar lesions in ponies clinically lame after prolonged hyperinsulinaemia. Methods: Nine clinically normal, mature ponies were allocated randomly to either a treatment group (n = 5) or control group (n = 4). The treatment group received insulin via a modified, prolonged euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique (EHCT) and were subjected to euthanasia when clinical signs of Obel grade II laminitis occurred. The control group was sham treated with an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline and killed at 72 h. Lamellar tissues of the right front feet were harvested and processed for TEM. Results: Lamellae from insulin treated ponies were attenuated and elongated with many epidermal basal cells (EBC) in mitosis. Unlike carbohydrate induced laminitis in horses there was no global separation at the lamellar dermal/epidermal interface among ponies. Sporadic EBC basement membrane (BM) separation was associated with the proximity of infiltrating leucocytes. In 2 ponies, the lamellar BM was thickened. The number of hemidesmosomes/μm of BM was decreased in all insulin treated ponies. Conclusions: Prolonged hyperinsulinaemia causes unique lamellar lesions normally characteristic of acute and chronic laminitis. Lamellar proliferation may be an insulin effect through its mitogenic pathway. Aberrant lamellar mitosis may lengthen and weaken the lamellar, distal phalanx attachment apparatus and contribute to the clinical signs that developed. Potential relevance: The study shows that insulin alone, in higher than normal circulating concentrations, induces profound, changes in lamellar anatomy. Medical control of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia may ameliorate lesions and produce clinical benefit.